EmoVoice: LLM-based Emotional Text-To-Speech Model with Freestyle Text Prompting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Human speech goes beyond the mere transfer of information; it is a profound exchange of emotions and a connection between individuals. While Text-to-Speech (TTS) models have made huge progress, they still face challenges in controlling the emotional expression in the generated speech. In this work, we propose EmoVoice, a novel emotion-controllable TTS model that exploits large language models (LLMs) to enable fine-grained freestyle natural language emotion control, and a phoneme boost variant design that makes the model output phoneme tokens and audio tokens in parallel to enhance content consistency, inspired by chain-of-thought (CoT) and chain-of-modality (CoM) techniques. Besides, we introduce EmoVoice-DB, a high-quality 40-hour English emotion dataset featuring expressive speech and fine-grained emotion labels with natural language descriptions. EmoVoice achieves state-of-the-art performance on the English EmoVoice-DB test set using only synthetic training data, and on the Chinese Secap test set using our in-house data. We further investigate the reliability of existing emotion evaluation metrics and their alignment with human perceptual preferences, and explore using SOTA multimodal LLMs GPT-4o-audio and Gemini to assess emotional speech. Dataset, code, checkpoints, and demo samples are available at https://github.com/yanghaha0908/EmoVoice.
Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2025.
Builds on
38 of 52 references.
References · 38
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,713
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2020HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesiscited by 1,139
- 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
- 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
- 2023SpeechGPT: Empowering Large Language Models with Intrinsic Cross-Modal Conversational Abilitiescited by 518
- 2022UTMOS: UTokyo-SaruLab System for VoiceMOS Challenge 2022cited by 381
- 2024Seed-TTS: A Family of High-Quality Versatile Speech Generation Modelscited by 293
- 2024Mini-Omni: Language Models Can Hear, Talk While Thinking in Streamingcited by 204
- 2024Freeze-Omni: A Smart and Low Latency Speech-to-speech Dialogue Model with Frozen LLMcited by 135
26 more
- 2025Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokenscited by 109
- 2022PromptTTS: Controllable Text-to-Speech with Text Descriptionscited by 106
- 2024Mini-Omni2: Towards Open-source GPT-4o with Vision, Speech and Duplex Capabilitiescited by 104
- 2023InstructTTS: Modelling Expressive TTS in Discrete Latent Space with Natural Language Style Promptcited by 90
- 2023Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Casescited by 85
- 2024SLAM-Omni: Timbre-Controllable Voice Interaction System with Single-Stage Trainingcited by 58
- 2023TextrolSpeech: A Text Style Control Speech Corpus With Codec Language Text-to-Speech Modelscited by 48
- 2023PromptTTS 2: Describing and Generating Voices with Text Promptcited by 47
- 2022EmoDiff: Intensity Controllable Emotional Text-to-Speech with Soft-Label Guidancecited by 37
- 2023SECap: Speech Emotion Captioning with Large Language Modelcited by 33
- 2024Emo-DPO: Controllable Emotional Speech Synthesis through Direct Preference Optimizationcited by 31
- 2023ViT-TTS: Visual Text-to-Speech with Scalable Diffusion Transformercited by 24
- 2023Boosting Large Language Model for Speech Synthesis: An Empirical Studycited by 21
- 2023EmoMix: Emotion Mixing via Diffusion Models for Emotional Speech Synthesiscited by 19
- 2024Laugh Now Cry Later: Controlling Time-Varying Emotional States of Flow-Matching-Based Zero-Shot Text-to-Speechcited by 19
- 2024EmoSphere++: Emotion-Controllable Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech via Emotion-Adaptive Spherical Vectorcited by 19
- 2025LUCY: Linguistic Understanding and Control Yielding Early Stage of Hercited by 17
- 2023ZET-Speech: Zero-shot adaptive Emotion-controllable Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Diffusion and Style-based Modelscited by 14
- 2023EmoSpeech: Guiding FastSpeech2 Towards Emotional Text to Speechcited by 14
- 2024ED-TTS: Multi-Scale Emotion Modeling using Cross-Domain Emotion Diarization for Emotional Speech Synthesiscited by 9
- 2023QI-TTS: Questioning Intonation Control for Emotional Speech Synthesiscited by 8
- 2024Controlling Emotion in Text-to-Speech with Natural Language Promptscited by 8
- 2024MEDIC: Zero-shot Music Editing with Disentangled Inversion Controlcited by 8
- 2023Fine-grained Emotional Control of Text-To-Speech: Learning To Rank Inter- And Intra-Class Emotion Intensitiescited by 5
- 2024Get Large Language Models Ready to Speak: A Late-fusion Approach for Speech Generationcited by 5
- 2024OpenOmni: A Collaborative Open Source Tool for Building Future-Ready Multimodal Conversational Agentscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 21.
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- 2025AudioJudge: Understanding What Works in Large Audio Model Based Speech Evaluationcited by 20
- 2025InstructTTSEval: Benchmarking Complex Natural-Language Instruction Following in Text-to-Speech Systemscited by 14
- 2025CapSpeech: Enabling Downstream Applications in Style-Captioned Text-to-Speechcited by 11
- 2026ReStyle-TTS: Relative and Continuous Style Control for Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2026EmoShift: Lightweight Activation Steering for Enhanced Emotion-Aware Speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2025RRPO: Robust Reward Policy Optimization for LLM-based Emotional TTScited by 4
- 2025MoE-TTS: Enhancing Out-of-Domain Text Understanding for Description-based TTS via Mixture-of-Expertscited by 2
- 2025E3RG: Building Explicit Emotion-driven Empathetic Response Generation System with Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 2
- 2025Emotion-Aligned Generation in Diffusion Text to Speech Models via Preference-Guided Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025UltraVoice: Scaling Fine-Grained Style-Controlled Speech Conversations for Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 2
- 2025Task Vector in TTS: Toward Emotionally Expressive Dialectal Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2026Listen, Look, Drive: Coupling Audio Instructions for User-aware VLA-based Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
21 more
- 2026MOSS-VoiceGenerator: Create Realistic Voices with Natural Language Descriptionscited by 2
- 2026UniSonate: A Unified Model for Speech, Music, and Sound Effect Generation with Text Instructionscited by 2
- 2026HoliTok: A Continuous Holistic Tokenization with Robust Dual Capabilities of Speech Generation and Understandingcited by 2
- 2026Sparse Autoencoders for Interpretable Emotion Control in Text-to-Speechcited by 2
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2026DeepASMR: LLM-Based Zero-Shot ASMR Speech Generation for Anyone of Any Voicecited by 1
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Modelscited by 1
- 2026The False Resonance: A Critical Examination of Emotion Embedding Similarity for Speech Generation Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026HPRO: Hierarchical Progressive Reward Optimization via Preference Extraction for Emotional Text-to-Speechcited by 1
- 2026A Geometric Perspective on Composable Emotion Steering in Text-to-Speech Modelscited by 1
- 2025Optimizing Multilingual Text-To-Speech with Accents & Emotionscited by 0
- 2025GamerAstra: Supporting 2D Non-Twitch Video Games for Blind and Low-Vision Players through a Multi-Agent Frameworkcited by 0
- 2025BatonVoice: An Operationalist Framework for Enhancing Controllable Speech Synthesis with Linguistic Intelligence from LLMscited by 0
- 2026On the Emotion Understanding of Synthesized Speechcited by 0
- 2026DUET: Unified Dual-Space Emotion Control for Diffusion and Flow-Matching Driven Text-to-Speechcited by 0
- 2026EmoInstruct-TTS: Dual-Path Instruction-Guided Emotional Speech Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructionscited by 0
- 2026Diagnose, Then Refine: A Closed-Loop TTS System with AudioLLM-Guided Correctioncited by 0
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTScited by 0
- 2026SEmoEdit: Probing and Harnessing the Editability of Pre-trained Speech Flowscited by 0
- 2026EmoRES-TTS: Residual-Enhanced Vector Steering for Emotional Speech Generationcited by 0
- 2026EmoRES-TTS: Residual-Enhanced Vector Steering for Emotional Speech Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026SEmoEdit: Probing and Harnessing the Editability of Pre-trained Speech Flows28 Sep 2026
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTS31 Aug 2026
- 2026Diagnose, Then Refine: A Closed-Loop TTS System with AudioLLM-Guided Correction29 Aug 2026
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesis24 Aug 2026
- 2026A Geometric Perspective on Composable Emotion Steering in Text-to-Speech Models1 Jul 2026
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructions30 Jun 2026
- 2026HPRO: Hierarchical Progressive Reward Optimization via Preference Extraction for Emotional Text-to-Speech26 Jun 2026
- 2026EmoInstruct-TTS: Dual-Path Instruction-Guided Emotional Speech Synthesis8 Jun 2026
- 2026Sparse Autoencoders for Interpretable Emotion Control in Text-to-Speech31 May 2026
- 2026HoliTok: A Continuous Holistic Tokenization with Robust Dual Capabilities of Speech Generation and Understanding28 May 2026
- 2026DUET: Unified Dual-Space Emotion Control for Diffusion and Flow-Matching Driven Text-to-Speech20 May 2026
21 more
- 2026The False Resonance: A Critical Examination of Emotion Embedding Similarity for Speech Generation Evaluation29 Apr 2026
- 2026UniSonate: A Unified Model for Speech, Music, and Sound Effect Generation with Text Instructions24 Apr 2026
- 2026MOSS-VoiceGenerator: Create Realistic Voices with Natural Language Descriptions30 Mar 2026
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Models25 Mar 2026
- 2026On the Emotion Understanding of Synthesized Speech17 Mar 2026
- 2026EmoShift: Lightweight Activation Steering for Enhanced Emotion-Aware Speech Synthesis30 Jan 2026
- 2026DeepASMR: LLM-Based Zero-Shot ASMR Speech Generation for Anyone of Any Voice22 Jan 2026
- 2026Listen, Look, Drive: Coupling Audio Instructions for User-aware VLA-based Autonomous Driving17 Jan 2026
- 2026ReStyle-TTS: Relative and Continuous Style Control for Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis7 Jan 2026
- 2025Task Vector in TTS: Toward Emotionally Expressive Dialectal Speech Synthesis21 Dec 2025
- 2025RRPO: Robust Reward Policy Optimization for LLM-based Emotional TTS4 Dec 2025
- 2025UltraVoice: Scaling Fine-Grained Style-Controlled Speech Conversations for Spoken Dialogue Models26 Oct 2025
- 2025BatonVoice: An Operationalist Framework for Enhancing Controllable Speech Synthesis with Linguistic Intelligence from LLMs30 Sep 2025
- 2025Emotion-Aligned Generation in Diffusion Text to Speech Models via Preference-Guided Optimization29 Sep 2025
- 2025E3RG: Building Explicit Emotion-driven Empathetic Response Generation System with Multimodal Large Language Model18 Aug 2025
- 2025MoE-TTS: Enhancing Out-of-Domain Text Understanding for Description-based TTS via Mixture-of-Experts15 Aug 2025
- 2025AudioJudge: Understanding What Works in Large Audio Model Based Speech Evaluation17 Jul 2025
- 2025GamerAstra: Supporting 2D Non-Twitch Video Games for Blind and Low-Vision Players through a Multi-Agent Framework28 Jun 2025
- 2025InstructTTSEval: Benchmarking Complex Natural-Language Instruction Following in Text-to-Speech Systems19 Jun 2025
- 2025Optimizing Multilingual Text-To-Speech with Accents & Emotions19 Jun 2025
- 2025CapSpeech: Enabling Downstream Applications in Style-Captioned Text-to-Speech3 Jun 2025
- 2025RRPO: Robust Reward Policy Optimization for LLM-based Emotional TTScited by 4
- 2025Emotion-Aligned Generation in Diffusion Text to Speech Models via Preference-Guided Optimizationcited by 2
- 2026HPRO: Hierarchical Progressive Reward Optimization via Preference Extraction for Emotional Text-to-Speechcited by 1
- 2026HPRO: Hierarchical Progressive Reward Optimization via Preference Extraction for Emotional Text-to-Speech26 Jun 2026
- 2025RRPO: Robust Reward Policy Optimization for LLM-based Emotional TTS4 Dec 2025
- 2025Emotion-Aligned Generation in Diffusion Text to Speech Models via Preference-Guided Optimization29 Sep 2025
- 2026UniSonate: A Unified Model for Speech, Music, and Sound Effect Generation with Text Instructionscited by 2
- 2026DUET: Unified Dual-Space Emotion Control for Diffusion and Flow-Matching Driven Text-to-Speechcited by 0
- 2026SEmoEdit: Probing and Harnessing the Editability of Pre-trained Speech Flowscited by 0
- 2026SEmoEdit: Probing and Harnessing the Editability of Pre-trained Speech Flows28 Sep 2026
- 2026DUET: Unified Dual-Space Emotion Control for Diffusion and Flow-Matching Driven Text-to-Speech20 May 2026
- 2026UniSonate: A Unified Model for Speech, Music, and Sound Effect Generation with Text Instructions24 Apr 2026
- 2025AudioJudge: Understanding What Works in Large Audio Model Based Speech Evaluationcited by 20
- 2025InstructTTSEval: Benchmarking Complex Natural-Language Instruction Following in Text-to-Speech Systemscited by 14
- 2025CapSpeech: Enabling Downstream Applications in Style-Captioned Text-to-Speechcited by 11
- 2026ReStyle-TTS: Relative and Continuous Style Control for Zero-Shot Speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2026EmoShift: Lightweight Activation Steering for Enhanced Emotion-Aware Speech Synthesiscited by 5
- 2025E3RG: Building Explicit Emotion-driven Empathetic Response Generation System with Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 2
- 2025UltraVoice: Scaling Fine-Grained Style-Controlled Speech Conversations for Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 2
- 2025Task Vector in TTS: Toward Emotionally Expressive Dialectal Speech Synthesiscited by 2
- 2026MOSS-VoiceGenerator: Create Realistic Voices with Natural Language Descriptionscited by 2
- 2026HoliTok: A Continuous Holistic Tokenization with Robust Dual Capabilities of Speech Generation and Understandingcited by 2
- 2026Sparse Autoencoders for Interpretable Emotion Control in Text-to-Speechcited by 2
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesiscited by 2
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026EmoRES-TTS: Residual-Enhanced Vector Steering for Emotional Speech Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Sequential Trajectories and Simultaneous Blending: Multi-Emotion Modeling for Instruction-Following TTS31 Aug 2026
- 2026Diagnose, Then Refine: A Closed-Loop TTS System with AudioLLM-Guided Correction29 Aug 2026
- 2026EmoTra-TTS: Smooth Intra-Utterance Emotion Transitions for Speech Synthesis24 Aug 2026
- 2026A Geometric Perspective on Composable Emotion Steering in Text-to-Speech Models1 Jul 2026
- 2026Poly-InstructTTS: Learning In-the-Wild Expressive Speech Synthesis from Open-Ended Instructions30 Jun 2026
- 2026EmoInstruct-TTS: Dual-Path Instruction-Guided Emotional Speech Synthesis8 Jun 2026
- 2026Sparse Autoencoders for Interpretable Emotion Control in Text-to-Speech31 May 2026
- 2026HoliTok: A Continuous Holistic Tokenization with Robust Dual Capabilities of Speech Generation and Understanding28 May 2026
- 2026The False Resonance: A Critical Examination of Emotion Embedding Similarity for Speech Generation Evaluation29 Apr 2026
- 2026MOSS-VoiceGenerator: Create Realistic Voices with Natural Language Descriptions30 Mar 2026
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Models25 Mar 2026
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
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- 2025EmoSteer-TTS: Fine-Grained and Training-Free Emotion-Controllable Text-to-Speech via Activation Steering
- 2024Hierarchical Control of Emotion Rendering in Speech Synthesis
- 2025TTS-CtrlNet: Time varying emotion aligned text-to-speech generation with ControlNet
- 2024Enhancing Emotional Text-to-Speech Controllability with Natural Language Guidance through Contrastive Learning and Diffusion Models
- 2026CoCoEmo: Composable and Controllable Human-Like Emotional TTS via Activation Steering
- 2025From Rational Answers to Emotional Resonance: The Role of Controllable Emotion Generation in Language Models
- 2025ClapFM-EVC: High-Fidelity and Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion with Dual Control from Natural Language and Speech
- 2026Acoustic and Semantic Modeling of Emotion in Spoken Language ↗