mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AdaSpeech: Adaptive Text to Speech for Custom Voice

arXiv 2103.00993 ↗First posted 1 Mar 2021eess.AS cs.AI cs.CLcited by 98

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Abstract (arXiv)

Custom voice, a specific text to speech (TTS) service in commercial speech platforms, aims to adapt a source TTS model to synthesize personal voice for a target speaker using few speech data. Custom voice presents two unique challenges for TTS adaptation: 1) to support diverse customers, the adaptation model needs to handle diverse acoustic conditions that could be very different from source speech data, and 2) to support a large number of customers, the adaptation parameters need to be small enough for each target speaker to reduce memory usage while maintaining high voice quality. In this work, we propose AdaSpeech, an adaptive TTS system for high-quality and efficient customization of new voices. We design several techniques in AdaSpeech to address the two challenges in custom voice: 1) To handle different acoustic conditions, we use two acoustic encoders to extract an utterance-level vector and a sequence of phoneme-level vectors from the target speech during training; in inference, we extract the utterance-level vector from a reference speech and use an acoustic predictor to predict the phoneme-level vectors. 2) To better trade off the adaptation parameters and voice quality, we introduce conditional layer normalization in the mel-spectrogram decoder of AdaSpeech, and fine-tune this part in addition to speaker embedding for adaptation. We pre-train the source TTS model on LibriTTS datasets and fine-tune it on VCTK and LJSpeech datasets (with different acoustic conditions from LibriTTS) with few adaptation data, e.g., 20 sentences, about 1 minute speech. Experiment results show that AdaSpeech achieves much better adaptation quality than baseline methods, with only about 5K specific parameters for each speaker, which demonstrates its effectiveness for custom voice. Audio samples are available at https://speechresearch.github.io/adaspeech/.

Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2021.

Builds on

26 of 33 references.

References · 26

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
  3. 2017Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictionscited by 800
  4. 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
  5. 2019LibriTTS: A Corpus Derived from LibriSpeech for Text-to-Speechcited by 639
  6. 2017Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesiscited by 487
  7. 2019MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesiscited by 351
  8. 2017Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verificationcited by 290
  9. 2018Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesiscited by 280
  10. 2020Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Searchcited by 269
  11. 2018Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samplescited by 100
  12. 2017Deep Voice: Real-time Neural Text-to-Speechcited by 83
14 more
  1. 2017Deep Voice 2: Multi-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speechcited by 75
  2. 2019Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker Text-To-Speech with State-of-the-art Neural Speaker Embeddingscited by 73
  3. 2017Deep Voice 3: Scaling Text-to-Speech with Convolutional Sequence Learningcited by 67
  4. 2017Deep Speaker: an End-to-End Neural Speaker Embedding Systemcited by 56
  5. 2018Sample Efficient Adaptive Text-to-Speechcited by 45
  6. 2020MultiSpeech: Multi-Speaker Text to Speech with Transformercited by 42
  7. 2020Generating diverse and natural text-to-speech samples using a quantized fine-grained VAE and auto-regressive prosody priorcited by 33
  8. 2021LightSpeech: Lightweight and Fast Text to Speech with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 27
  9. 2019Token-Level Ensemble Distillation for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversioncited by 26
  10. 2020BOFFIN TTS: Few-Shot Speaker Adaptation by Bayesian Optimizationcited by 22
  11. 2020AdaDurIAN: Few-shot Adaptation for Neural Text-to-Speech with DurIANcited by 14
  12. 2020DenoiSpeech: Denoising Text to Speech with Frame-Level Noise Modelingcited by 13
  13. 2019High quality, lightweight and adaptable TTS using LPCNetcited by 11
  14. 2020Prosody Learning Mechanism for Speech Synthesis System Without Text Length Limitcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 17; 2023: 31; 2024: 18; 2025: 9; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
  2. 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
  3. 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Modelscited by 323
  4. 2024NaturalSpeech 3: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Factorized Codec and Diffusion Modelscited by 222
  5. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A History of Generative AI from GAN to ChatGPTcited by 221
  6. 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 182
  7. 2023GenCast: Diffusion-based ensemble forecasting for medium-range weathercited by 169
  8. 2022NaturalSpeech: End-to-End Text to Speech Synthesis with Human-Level Qualitycited by 151
  9. 2022ProDiff: Progressive Fast Diffusion Model For High-Quality Text-to-Speechcited by 147
  10. 2024Lumina-T2X: Transforming Text into Any Modality, Resolution, and Duration via Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformerscited by 137
  11. 2021Meta-StyleSpeech : Multi-Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech Generationcited by 93
  12. 2023When Large Language Models Meet Personalization: Perspectives of Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 89
38 more
  1. 2021Neural Analysis and Synthesis: Reconstructing Speech from Self-Supervised Representationscited by 81
  2. 2023Mega-TTS: Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech at Scale with Intrinsic Inductive Biascited by 51
  3. 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Textcited by 50
  4. 2024BEEAR: Embedding-based Adversarial Removal of Safety Backdoors in Instruction-tuned Language Modelscited by 50
  5. 2023PromptTTS 2: Describing and Generating Voices with Text Promptcited by 47
  6. 2022AdaSpeech 4: Adaptive Text to Speech in Zero-Shot Scenarioscited by 41
  7. 2022Guided-TTS 2: A Diffusion Model for High-quality Adaptive Text-to-Speech with Untranscribed Datacited by 35
  8. 2023HierSpeech++: Bridging the Gap between Semantic and Acoustic Representation of Speech by Hierarchical Variational Inference for Zero-shot Speech Synthesiscited by 35
  9. 2022Grad-StyleSpeech: Any-speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Diffusion Modelscited by 34
  10. 2022StyleTTS: A Style-Based Generative Model for Natural and Diverse Text-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 32
  11. 2023Imaginary Voice: Face-styled Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speechcited by 27
  12. 2021V2C: Visual Voice Cloningcited by 23
  13. 2021Meta-TTS: Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speechcited by 22
  14. 2022GenerSpeech: Towards Style Transfer for Generalizable Out-Of-Domain Text-to-Speechcited by 21
  15. 2023StyleSinger: Style Transfer for Out-of-Domain Singing Voice Synthesiscited by 21
  16. 2024Faces that Speak: Jointly Synthesising Talking Face and Speech from Textcited by 21
  17. 2021DelightfulTTS: The Microsoft Speech Synthesis System for Blizzard Challenge 2021cited by 19
  18. 2021GANSpeech: Adversarial Training for High-Fidelity Multi-Speaker Speech Synthesiscited by 18
  19. 2021AdaSpeech 2: Adaptive Text to Speech with Untranscribed Datacited by 17
  20. 2024ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Controlcited by 17
  21. 2023UnitSpeech: Speaker-adaptive Speech Synthesis with Untranscribed Datacited by 15
  22. 2023DiffProsody: Diffusion-based Latent Prosody Generation for Expressive Speech Synthesis with Prosody Conditional Adversarial Trainingcited by 15
  23. 2023ZET-Speech: Zero-shot adaptive Emotion-controllable Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Diffusion and Style-based Modelscited by 14
  24. 2023EmoSpeech: Guiding FastSpeech2 Towards Emotional Text to Speechcited by 14
  25. 2021Speaker Generationcited by 13
  26. 2024Denoising with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecturecited by 12
  27. 2021AdaSpeech 3: Adaptive Text to Speech for Spontaneous Stylecited by 11
  28. 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
  29. 2023Textless Unit-to-Unit training for Many-to-Many Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 11
  30. 2024dMel: Speech Tokenization made Simplecited by 11
  31. 2022Residual Adapters for Few-Shot Text-to-Speech Speaker Adaptationcited by 10
  32. 2022Adapter-Based Extension of Multi-Speaker Text-to-Speech Model for New Speakerscited by 9
  33. 2023Back Translation for Speech-to-text Translation Without Transcriptscited by 9
  34. 2025Prosody-Enhanced Acoustic Pre-training and Acoustic-Disentangled Prosody Adapting for Movie Dubbingcited by 9
  35. 2022Voice Filter: Few-shot text-to-speech speaker adaptation using voice conversion as a post-processing modulecited by 8
  36. 2024DurFlex-EVC: Duration-Flexible Emotional Voice Conversion Leveraging Discrete Representations without Text Alignmentcited by 8
  37. 2024Mitigating Unauthorized Speech Synthesis for Voice Protectioncited by 8
  38. 2023ADAPTERMIX: Exploring the Efficacy of Mixture of Adapters for Low-Resource TTS Adaptationcited by 7

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