AdaSpeech: Adaptive Text to Speech for Custom Voice
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Abstract (arXiv)
Custom voice, a specific text to speech (TTS) service in commercial speech platforms, aims to adapt a source TTS model to synthesize personal voice for a target speaker using few speech data. Custom voice presents two unique challenges for TTS adaptation: 1) to support diverse customers, the adaptation model needs to handle diverse acoustic conditions that could be very different from source speech data, and 2) to support a large number of customers, the adaptation parameters need to be small enough for each target speaker to reduce memory usage while maintaining high voice quality. In this work, we propose AdaSpeech, an adaptive TTS system for high-quality and efficient customization of new voices. We design several techniques in AdaSpeech to address the two challenges in custom voice: 1) To handle different acoustic conditions, we use two acoustic encoders to extract an utterance-level vector and a sequence of phoneme-level vectors from the target speech during training; in inference, we extract the utterance-level vector from a reference speech and use an acoustic predictor to predict the phoneme-level vectors. 2) To better trade off the adaptation parameters and voice quality, we introduce conditional layer normalization in the mel-spectrogram decoder of AdaSpeech, and fine-tune this part in addition to speaker embedding for adaptation. We pre-train the source TTS model on LibriTTS datasets and fine-tune it on VCTK and LJSpeech datasets (with different acoustic conditions from LibriTTS) with few adaptation data, e.g., 20 sentences, about 1 minute speech. Experiment results show that AdaSpeech achieves much better adaptation quality than baseline methods, with only about 5K specific parameters for each speaker, which demonstrates its effectiveness for custom voice. Audio samples are available at https://speechresearch.github.io/adaspeech/.
Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2021.
Builds on
26 of 33 references.
References · 26
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
- 2017Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictionscited by 800
- 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
- 2019LibriTTS: A Corpus Derived from LibriSpeech for Text-to-Speechcited by 639
- 2017Tacotron: Towards End-to-End Speech Synthesiscited by 487
- 2019MelGAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Conditional Waveform Synthesiscited by 351
- 2017Generalized End-to-End Loss for Speaker Verificationcited by 290
- 2018Transfer Learning from Speaker Verification to Multispeaker Text-To-Speech Synthesiscited by 280
- 2020Glow-TTS: A Generative Flow for Text-to-Speech via Monotonic Alignment Searchcited by 269
- 2018Neural Voice Cloning with a Few Samplescited by 100
- 2017Deep Voice: Real-time Neural Text-to-Speechcited by 83
14 more
- 2017Deep Voice 2: Multi-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speechcited by 75
- 2019Zero-Shot Multi-Speaker Text-To-Speech with State-of-the-art Neural Speaker Embeddingscited by 73
- 2017Deep Voice 3: Scaling Text-to-Speech with Convolutional Sequence Learningcited by 67
- 2017Deep Speaker: an End-to-End Neural Speaker Embedding Systemcited by 56
- 2018Sample Efficient Adaptive Text-to-Speechcited by 45
- 2020MultiSpeech: Multi-Speaker Text to Speech with Transformercited by 42
- 2020Generating diverse and natural text-to-speech samples using a quantized fine-grained VAE and auto-regressive prosody priorcited by 33
- 2021LightSpeech: Lightweight and Fast Text to Speech with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 27
- 2019Token-Level Ensemble Distillation for Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversioncited by 26
- 2020BOFFIN TTS: Few-Shot Speaker Adaptation by Bayesian Optimizationcited by 22
- 2020AdaDurIAN: Few-shot Adaptation for Neural Text-to-Speech with DurIANcited by 14
- 2020DenoiSpeech: Denoising Text to Speech with Frame-Level Noise Modelingcited by 13
- 2019High quality, lightweight and adaptable TTS using LPCNetcited by 11
- 2020Prosody Learning Mechanism for Speech Synthesis System Without Text Length Limitcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 17; 2023: 31; 2024: 18; 2025: 9; 2026: 9.
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- 2023Imaginary Voice: Face-styled Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speechcited by 27
- 2023UnitSpeech: Speaker-adaptive Speech Synthesis with Untranscribed Datacited by 15
- 2023DiffProsody: Diffusion-based Latent Prosody Generation for Expressive Speech Synthesis with Prosody Conditional Adversarial Trainingcited by 15
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- 2025ArchesClimate: Probabilistic Decadal Ensemble Generation With Flow Matching19 Sep 2025
- 2025Next Tokens Denoising for Speech Synthesis30 Jul 2025
- 2024Denoising with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture2 Oct 2024
- 2024Lumina-T2X: Transforming Text into Any Modality, Resolution, and Duration via Flow-based Large Diffusion Transformers9 May 2024
- 2024NaturalSpeech 3: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Factorized Codec and Diffusion Models5 Mar 2024
- 2023DiCLET-TTS: Diffusion Model based Cross-lingual Emotion Transfer for Text-to-Speech -- A Study between English and Mandarin2 Sep 2023
- 2023DiffProsody: Diffusion-based Latent Prosody Generation for Expressive Speech Synthesis with Prosody Conditional Adversarial Training31 Jul 2023
- 2023UnitSpeech: Speaker-adaptive Speech Synthesis with Untranscribed Data28 Jun 2023
- 2023Imaginary Voice: Face-styled Diffusion Model for Text-to-Speech27 Feb 2023
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan 2023
- 2022Grad-StyleSpeech: Any-speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Diffusion Models17 Nov 2022
- 2022ProDiff: Progressive Fast Diffusion Model For High-Quality Text-to-Speech13 Jul 2022
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- 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
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- 2021A Survey on Neural Speech Synthesiscited by 182
- 2023GenCast: Diffusion-based ensemble forecasting for medium-range weathercited by 169
- 2022NaturalSpeech: End-to-End Text to Speech Synthesis with Human-Level Qualitycited by 151
- 2021Meta-StyleSpeech : Multi-Speaker Adaptive Text-to-Speech Generationcited by 93
- 2023When Large Language Models Meet Personalization: Perspectives of Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 89
- 2021Neural Analysis and Synthesis: Reconstructing Speech from Self-Supervised Representationscited by 81
- 2023Mega-TTS: Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech at Scale with Intrinsic Inductive Biascited by 51
- 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Textcited by 50
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- 20264D Parallelism Unlocks Exascale Bayesian Neural Networks for High-Fidelity Atmospheric Modeling11 Sep 2026
- 2026Neptune: An AI model for Global Ocean Subseasonal Prediction8 Sep 2026
- 2026A survey of AI-generated voices and their detection15 Aug 2026
- 2026HybridCodec: Modeling Discrete and Continuous Representations for Efficient Speech Language Models26 Jun 2026
- 2026Closing the Quality Gap in Low-Resource Text-to-Speech: LoRA Fine-Tuning of VoxCPM2 for Khmer and Korean25 Jun 2026
- 2026Emulating the Forced Response of Climate Models with Generative Machine Learning16 May 2026
- 2026PersonaGesture: Single-Reference Co-Speech Gesture Personalization for Unseen Speakers7 May 2026
- 2026ZeSTA: Zero-Shot TTS Augmentation with Domain-Conditioned Training for Data-Efficient Personalized Speech Synthesis4 Mar 2026
- 2026GenDA: Generative Data Assimilation on Complex Urban Areas via Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance16 Jan 2026
- 2025Generative Urban Flow Modeling: From Geometry to Airflow with Graph Diffusion9 Dec 2025
- 2025Huracan: A skillful end-to-end data-driven system for ensemble data assimilation and weather prediction25 Aug 2025
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