mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generation

arXiv 2305.18474 ↗First posted 29 May 2023cs.SD cs.LG cs.MMcited by 90

On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music

Abstract (arXiv)

Large diffusion models have been successful in text-to-audio (T2A) synthesis tasks, but they often suffer from common issues such as semantic misalignment and poor temporal consistency due to limited natural language understanding and data scarcity. Additionally, 2D spatial structures widely used in T2A works lead to unsatisfactory audio quality when generating variable-length audio samples since they do not adequately prioritize temporal information. To address these challenges, we propose Make-an-Audio 2, a latent diffusion-based T2A method that builds on the success of Make-an-Audio. Our approach includes several techniques to improve semantic alignment and temporal consistency: Firstly, we use pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to parse the text into structured <event & order> pairs for better temporal information capture. We also introduce another structured-text encoder to aid in learning semantic alignment during the diffusion denoising process. To improve the performance of variable length generation and enhance the temporal information extraction, we design a feed-forward Transformer-based diffusion denoiser. Finally, we use LLMs to augment and transform a large amount of audio-label data into audio-text datasets to alleviate the problem of scarcity of temporal data. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms baseline models in both objective and subjective metrics, and achieves significant gains in temporal information understanding, semantic consistency, and sound quality.

Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 44 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2023.

Builds on

44 of 56 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Text-to-Audio Generation using Instruction-Tuned LLM and Latent Diffusion Model24 Apr
  2. 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan
  3. 2023AudioLDM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Jan
  4. 2022Diffsound: Discrete Diffusion Model for Text-to-sound Generation20 Jul

Other references · 40

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  5. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  6. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  7. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  8. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  9. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
  10. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  11. 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
  12. 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
28 more
  1. 2022Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidancecited by 5,717
  2. 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
  3. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
  4. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
  5. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
  6. 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
  7. 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,388
  8. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
  9. 2022Make-A-Video: Text-to-Video Generation without Text-Video Datacited by 1,725
  10. 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
  11. 2023HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Facecited by 1,173
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  14. 2016CNN Architectures for Large-Scale Audio Classificationcited by 701
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  16. 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 563
  17. 2022All are Worth Words: A ViT Backbone for Diffusion Modelscited by 498
  18. 2019Clotho: An Audio Captioning Datasetcited by 354
  19. 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Researchcited by 266
  20. 2023AudioGPT: Understanding and Generating Speech, Music, Sound, and Talking Headcited by 264
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  22. 2023Data-centric Artificial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 202
  23. 2020Data Augmentation using Pre-trained Transformer Modelscited by 168
  24. 2023AugGPT: Leveraging ChatGPT for Text Data Augmentationcited by 128
  25. 2021Audio Retrieval with Natural Language Queries: A Benchmark Studycited by 61
  26. 2022Audio Retrieval with WavText5K and CLAP Trainingcited by 35
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  28. 2021What is the ground truth? Reliability of multi-annotator data for audio taggingcited by 29

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 36; 2025: 27; 2026: 22.

90 papers.

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  1. 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretrainingcited by 343
  2. 2024MMAudio: Taming Multimodal Joint Training for High-Quality Video-to-Audio Synthesiscited by 134
  3. 2024Lumina-Next: Making Lumina-T2X Stronger and Faster with Next-DiTcited by 130
  4. 2024Seeing and Hearing: Open-domain Visual-Audio Generation with Diffusion Latent Alignerscited by 111
  5. 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 88
  6. 2025Ovi: Twin Backbone Cross-Modal Fusion for Audio-Video Generationcited by 76
  7. 2024Auffusion: Leveraging the Power of Diffusion and Large Language Models for Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 54
  8. 2024Frieren: Efficient Video-to-Audio Generation Network with Rectified Flow Matchingcited by 52
  9. 2024Read, Watch and Scream! Sound Generation from Text and Videocited by 48
  10. 2024OmniFlow: Any-to-Any Generation with Multi-Modal Rectified Flowscited by 45
  11. 2023Separate Anything You Describecited by 43
  12. 2025Kling-Foley: Multimodal Diffusion Transformer for High-Quality Video-to-Audio Generationcited by 38
38 more
  1. 2024LLMs Meet Multimodal Generation and Editing: A Surveycited by 35
  2. 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 34
  3. 2024EzAudio: Enhancing Text-to-Audio Generation with Efficient Diffusion Transformercited by 30
  4. 2023Schrodinger Bridges Beat Diffusion Models on Text-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 29
  5. 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generationcited by 28
  6. 2024Video-to-Audio Generation with Hidden Alignmentcited by 26
  7. 2024Both Ears Wide Open: Towards Language-Driven Spatial Audio Generationcited by 25
  8. 2025AudioX: A Unified Framework for Anything-to-Audio Generationcited by 25
  9. 2023VoiceLDM: Text-to-Speech with Environmental Contextcited by 23
  10. 2023ConsistencyTTA: Accelerating Diffusion-Based Text-to-Audio Generation with Consistency Distillationcited by 22
  11. 2024AV-Link: Temporally-Aligned Diffusion Features for Cross-Modal Audio-Video Generationcited by 21
  12. 2024BATON: Aligning Text-to-Audio Model with Human Preference Feedbackcited by 18
  13. 2024Prompt-guided Precise Audio Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 18
  14. 2024FLUX that Plays Musiccited by 18
  15. 2024Language-Guided Joint Audio-Visual Editing via One-Shot Adaptationcited by 18
  16. 2024A Survey of Sustainability in Large Language Models: Applications, Economics, and Challengescited by 18
  17. 2024ETTA: Elucidating the Design Space of Text-to-Audio Modelscited by 17
  18. 2025MeanAudio: Fast and Faithful Text-to-Audio Generation with Mean Flowscited by 14
  19. 2024AudioEditor: A Training-Free Diffusion-Based Audio Editing Frameworkcited by 13
  20. 2024LoVA: Long-form Video-to-Audio Generationcited by 13
  21. 2024Prompt-Singer: Controllable Singing-Voice-Synthesis with Natural Language Promptcited by 12
  22. 2025Guiding Audio Editing with Audio Language Modelcited by 11
  23. 2025Synchronized Video-to-Audio Generation via Mel Quantization-Continuum Decompositioncited by 10
  24. 2026Audio-Omni: Extending Multi-modal Understanding to Versatile Audio Generation and Editingcited by 10
  25. 2024SoundCTM: Unifying Score-based and Consistency Models for Full-band Text-to-Sound Generationcited by 9
  26. 2025Taming Text-to-Sounding Video Generation via Advanced Modality Condition and Interactioncited by 9
  27. 2024Audio-Agent: Leveraging LLMs For Audio Generation, Editing and Compositioncited by 8
  28. 2024Scaling Concept With Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 8
  29. 2026Omni2Sound: Towards Unified Video-Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 8
  30. 2024MixEval-X: Any-to-Any Evaluations from Real-World Data Mixturescited by 6
  31. 2025IMPACT: Iterative Mask-based Parallel Decoding for Text-to-Audio Generation with Diffusion Modelingcited by 6
  32. 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methodscited by 5
  33. 2025Latent Swap Joint Diffusion for 2D Long-Form Latent Generationcited by 5
  34. 2025SpecMaskFoley: Steering Pretrained Spectral Masked Generative Transformer Toward Synchronized Video-to-audio Synthesis via ControlNetcited by 5
  35. 2025MMMG: a Comprehensive and Reliable Benchmark for Multitask Multimodal Generationcited by 5
  36. 2025Generative Audio Language Modeling with Continuous-valued Tokens and Masked Next-Token Predictioncited by 5
  37. 2025AudioMoG: Guiding Audio Generation with Mixture-of-Guidancecited by 5
  38. 2024Creative Text-to-Audio Generation via Synthesizer Programmingcited by 4

50 most cited of 90 All 90 (JSON)

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  1. 2024On the Semantic Latent Space of Diffusion-Based Text-to-Speech Models
  2. 2024LAFMA: A Latent Flow Matching Model for Text-to-Audio Generation
  3. 2024Text-to-Audio Generation Synchronized with Videos
  4. 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Models
  5. 2026SwiftAudio: Data-Efficient Caption-Only Distillation for One-Step Text-to-Audio Diffusion-based Generation
  6. 2025Language Model Based Text-to-Audio Generation: Anti-Causally Aligned Collaborative Residual Transformers
  7. 2025ControlAudio: Tackling Text-Guided, Timing-Indicated and Intelligible Audio Generation via Progressive Diffusion Modeling
  8. 2024PTQ4ADM: Post-Training Quantization for Efficient Text Conditional Audio Diffusion Models