Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generation
On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music
Abstract (arXiv)
Large diffusion models have been successful in text-to-audio (T2A) synthesis tasks, but they often suffer from common issues such as semantic misalignment and poor temporal consistency due to limited natural language understanding and data scarcity. Additionally, 2D spatial structures widely used in T2A works lead to unsatisfactory audio quality when generating variable-length audio samples since they do not adequately prioritize temporal information. To address these challenges, we propose Make-an-Audio 2, a latent diffusion-based T2A method that builds on the success of Make-an-Audio. Our approach includes several techniques to improve semantic alignment and temporal consistency: Firstly, we use pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to parse the text into structured <event & order> pairs for better temporal information capture. We also introduce another structured-text encoder to aid in learning semantic alignment during the diffusion denoising process. To improve the performance of variable length generation and enhance the temporal information extraction, we design a feed-forward Transformer-based diffusion denoiser. Finally, we use LLMs to augment and transform a large amount of audio-label data into audio-text datasets to alleviate the problem of scarcity of temporal data. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms baseline models in both objective and subjective metrics, and achieves significant gains in temporal information understanding, semantic consistency, and sound quality.
Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 44 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 May 2023.
Builds on
44 of 56 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Text-to-Audio Generation using Instruction-Tuned LLM and Latent Diffusion Model24 Apr
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan
- 2023AudioLDM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Diffusion Models29 Jan
- 2022Diffsound: Discrete Diffusion Model for Text-to-sound Generation20 Jul
Other references · 40
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- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,655
- 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
- 2022Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understandingcited by 6,322
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformerscited by 5,931
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- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
- 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
- 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,131
- 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,388
- 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
- 2022Make-A-Video: Text-to-Video Generation without Text-Video Datacited by 1,725
- 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
- 2023HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Facecited by 1,173
- 2022CogVideo: Large-scale Pretraining for Text-to-Video Generation via Transformerscited by 973
- 2015Improving Neural Machine Translation Models with Monolingual Datacited by 784
- 2016CNN Architectures for Large-Scale Audio Classificationcited by 701
- 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 672
- 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 563
- 2022All are Worth Words: A ViT Backbone for Diffusion Modelscited by 498
- 2019Clotho: An Audio Captioning Datasetcited by 354
- 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Researchcited by 266
- 2023AudioGPT: Understanding and Generating Speech, Music, Sound, and Talking Headcited by 264
- 2022BigVGAN: A Universal Neural Vocoder with Large-Scale Trainingcited by 245
- 2023Data-centric Artificial Intelligence: A Surveycited by 202
- 2020Data Augmentation using Pre-trained Transformer Modelscited by 168
- 2023AugGPT: Leveraging ChatGPT for Text Data Augmentationcited by 128
- 2021Audio Retrieval with Natural Language Queries: A Benchmark Studycited by 61
- 2022Audio Retrieval with WavText5K and CLAP Trainingcited by 35
- 2022Data-Centric Artificial Intelligencecited by 31
- 2021What is the ground truth? Reliability of multi-annotator data for audio taggingcited by 29
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 36; 2025: 27; 2026: 22.
90 papers.
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- 2024Frieren: Efficient Video-to-Audio Generation Network with Rectified Flow Matchingcited by 52
- 2024OmniFlow: Any-to-Any Generation with Multi-Modal Rectified Flowscited by 45
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- 2023Schrodinger Bridges Beat Diffusion Models on Text-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 29
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- 2025Guiding Audio Editing with Audio Language Model25 Sep 2025
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