Audio Retrieval with WavText5K and CLAP Training
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Audio-Text retrieval takes a natural language query to retrieve relevant audio files in a database. Conversely, Text-Audio retrieval takes an audio file as a query to retrieve relevant natural language descriptions. Most of the literature train retrieval systems with one audio captioning dataset, but evaluating the benefit of training with multiple datasets is underexplored. Moreover, retrieval systems have to learn the alignment between elaborated sentences describing audio content of variable length ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. In this work, we propose a new collection of web audio-text pairs and a new framework for retrieval. First, we provide a new collection of about five thousand web audio-text pairs that we refer to as WavText5K. When used to train our retrieval system, WavText5K improved performance more than other audio captioning datasets. Second, our framework learns to connect language and audio content by using a text encoder, two audio encoders, and a contrastive learning objective. Combining both audio encoders helps to process variable length audio. The two contributions beat state of the art performance for AudioCaps and Clotho on Text-Audio retrieval by a relative 2% and 16%, and Audio-Text retrieval by 6% and 23%.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2022.
Builds on
18 of 30 references.
References · 18
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,905
- 2019SpecAugment: A Simple Data Augmentation Method for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 1,380
- 2016CNN Architectures for Large-Scale Audio Classificationcited by 704
- 2021AST: Audio Spectrogram Transformercited by 643
- 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 574
- 2019Clotho: An Audio Captioning Datasetcited by 358
- 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audiocited by 339
- 2021Wav2CLIP: Learning Robust Audio Representations From CLIPcited by 213
- 2022HTS-AT: A Hierarchical Token-Semantic Audio Transformer for Sound Classification and Detectioncited by 176
- 2021SSAST: Self-Supervised Audio Spectrogram Transformercited by 169
6 more
- 2021Audio Retrieval with Natural Language Queries: A Benchmark Studycited by 61
- 2021Audio Retrieval with Natural Language Queriescited by 49
- 2022On Metric Learning for Audio-Text Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 30
- 2021What is the ground truth? Reliability of multi-annotator data for audio taggingcited by 29
- 2020Multi-Task Learning for Interpretable Weakly Labelled Sound Event Detectioncited by 4
- 2021Improving weakly supervised sound event detection with self-supervised auxiliary taskscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 12; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 2.
35 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Modelscited by 324
- 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Researchcited by 267
- 2024Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilitiescited by 186
- 2024GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilitiescited by 156
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilitiescited by 133
- 2023ONE-PEACE: Exploring One General Representation Model Toward Unlimited Modalitiescited by 118
- 2023Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 90
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Modelscited by 43
- 2025InteractiveOmni: A Unified Omni-modal Model for Audio-Visual Multi-turn Dialoguecited by 29
- 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generationcited by 28
- 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Modelscited by 21
- 2023Modality-Independent Teachers Meet Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Event Parsercited by 18
23 more
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 18
- 2025The iNaturalist Sounds Datasetcited by 17
- 2024The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspectivecited by 15
- 2023Learning Tri-modal Embeddings for Zero-Shot Soundscape Mappingcited by 14
- 2024PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysiscited by 13
- 2024M3-JEPA: Multimodal Alignment via Multi-gate MoE based on the Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecturecited by 13
- 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPUcited by 11
- 2024Revisiting Deep Audio-Text Retrieval Through the Lens of Transportationcited by 10
- 2024Bridging Language Gaps in Audio-Text Retrievalcited by 6
- 2025IMPACT: Iterative Mask-based Parallel Decoding for Text-to-Audio Generation with Diffusion Modelingcited by 6
- 2022Describing emotions with acoustic property prompts for speech emotion recognitioncited by 5
- 2023FLAP: Fast Language-Audio Pre-trainingcited by 5
- 2025Generative Audio Language Modeling with Continuous-valued Tokens and Masked Next-Token Predictioncited by 5
- 2023Prompting Audios Using Acoustic Properties For Emotion Representationcited by 3
- 2025SupCLAP: Controlling Optimization Trajectory Drift in Audio-Text Contrastive Learning with Support Vector Regularizationcited by 3
- 2026Efficient and High-Fidelity Omni Modality Retrievalcited by 3
- 2023CLARA: Multilingual Contrastive Learning for Audio Representation Acquisitioncited by 2
- 2023Generalized zero-shot audio-to-intent classificationcited by 1
- 2024On Class Separability Pitfalls In Audio-Text Contrastive Zero-Shot Learningcited by 1
- 2025EmotionRankCLAP: Bridging Natural Language Speaking Styles and Ordinal Speech Emotion via Rank-N-Contrastcited by 1
- 2025Do Joint Language-Audio Embeddings Encode Perceptual Timbre Semantics?cited by 1
- 2025Aligning by Misaligning: Boundary-aware Curriculum Learning for Multimodal Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026OmniHallu: Unified Hallucination Detection for Cross-Modal Comprehension and Generation in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026OmniHallu: Unified Hallucination Detection for Cross-Modal Comprehension and Generation in Multimodal Large Language Models10 Sep 2026
- 2026Efficient and High-Fidelity Omni Modality Retrieval2 Mar 2026
- 2025Aligning by Misaligning: Boundary-aware Curriculum Learning for Multimodal Alignment11 Nov 2025
- 2025Do Joint Language-Audio Embeddings Encode Perceptual Timbre Semantics?16 Oct 2025
- 2025InteractiveOmni: A Unified Omni-modal Model for Audio-Visual Multi-turn Dialogue15 Oct 2025
- 2025SupCLAP: Controlling Optimization Trajectory Drift in Audio-Text Contrastive Learning with Support Vector Regularization25 Sep 2025
- 2025Generative Audio Language Modeling with Continuous-valued Tokens and Masked Next-Token Prediction14 Jul 2025
- 2025IMPACT: Iterative Mask-based Parallel Decoding for Text-to-Audio Generation with Diffusion Modeling31 May 2025
- 2025The iNaturalist Sounds Dataset31 May 2025
- 2025EmotionRankCLAP: Bridging Natural Language Speaking Styles and Ordinal Speech Emotion via Rank-N-Contrast29 May 2025
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilities6 Mar 2025
- 2024M3-JEPA: Multimodal Alignment via Multi-gate MoE based on the Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture9 Sep 2024
23 more
- 2024On Class Separability Pitfalls In Audio-Text Contrastive Zero-Shot Learning23 Aug 2024
- 2024PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis18 Aug 2024
- 2024The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspective11 Jul 2024
- 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generation27 Jun 2024
- 2024GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilities17 Jun 2024
- 2024Bridging Language Gaps in Audio-Text Retrieval11 Jun 2024
- 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Models1 Jun 2024
- 2024Revisiting Deep Audio-Text Retrieval Through the Lens of Transportation16 May 2024
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining27 Apr 2024
- 2024Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilities2 Feb 2024
- 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPU15 Dec 2023
- 2023Generalized zero-shot audio-to-intent classification4 Nov 2023
- 2023FLAP: Fast Language-Audio Pre-training2 Nov 2023
- 2023CLARA: Multilingual Contrastive Learning for Audio Representation Acquisition18 Oct 2023
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Models12 Oct 2023
- 2023Prompting Audios Using Acoustic Properties For Emotion Representation3 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning Tri-modal Embeddings for Zero-Shot Soundscape Mapping19 Sep 2023
- 2023Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generation29 May 2023
- 2023Modality-Independent Teachers Meet Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Event Parser27 May 2023
- 2023ONE-PEACE: Exploring One General Representation Model Toward Unlimited Modalities18 May 2023
- 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Research30 Mar 2023
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan 2023
- 2022Describing emotions with acoustic property prompts for speech emotion recognition14 Nov 2022
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Modelscited by 324
- 2023Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 90
- 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Modelscited by 21
- 2025IMPACT: Iterative Mask-based Parallel Decoding for Text-to-Audio Generation with Diffusion Modelingcited by 6
- 2025IMPACT: Iterative Mask-based Parallel Decoding for Text-to-Audio Generation with Diffusion Modeling31 May 2025
- 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Models1 Jun 2024
- 2023Make-An-Audio 2: Temporal-Enhanced Text-to-Audio Generation29 May 2023
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan 2023
- 2024GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilitiescited by 156
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilitiescited by 133
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Modelscited by 43
- 2025Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilities6 Mar 2025
- 2024GAMA: A Large Audio-Language Model with Advanced Audio Understanding and Complex Reasoning Abilities17 Jun 2024
- 2023CompA: Addressing the Gap in Compositional Reasoning in Audio-Language Models12 Oct 2023
- 2024The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspectivecited by 15
- 2025SupCLAP: Controlling Optimization Trajectory Drift in Audio-Text Contrastive Learning with Support Vector Regularizationcited by 3
- 2026OmniHallu: Unified Hallucination Detection for Cross-Modal Comprehension and Generation in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026OmniHallu: Unified Hallucination Detection for Cross-Modal Comprehension and Generation in Multimodal Large Language Models10 Sep 2026
- 2025SupCLAP: Controlling Optimization Trajectory Drift in Audio-Text Contrastive Learning with Support Vector Regularization25 Sep 2025
- 2024The Synergy between Data and Multi-Modal Large Language Models: A Survey from Co-Development Perspective11 Jul 2024
- 2023WavCaps: A ChatGPT-Assisted Weakly-Labelled Audio Captioning Dataset for Audio-Language Multimodal Researchcited by 267
- 2024Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilitiescited by 186
- 2023ONE-PEACE: Exploring One General Representation Model Toward Unlimited Modalitiescited by 118
- 2025InteractiveOmni: A Unified Omni-modal Model for Audio-Visual Multi-turn Dialoguecited by 29
- 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generationcited by 28
- 2023Modality-Independent Teachers Meet Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Event Parsercited by 18
- 2024T-CLAP: Temporal-Enhanced Contrastive Language-Audio Pretrainingcited by 18
- 2025The iNaturalist Sounds Datasetcited by 17
- 2023Learning Tri-modal Embeddings for Zero-Shot Soundscape Mappingcited by 14
- 2024PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysiscited by 13
- 2023Data-Efficient Multimodal Fusion on a Single GPUcited by 11
- 2024Revisiting Deep Audio-Text Retrieval Through the Lens of Transportationcited by 10
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Efficient and High-Fidelity Omni Modality Retrieval2 Mar 2026
- 2025Aligning by Misaligning: Boundary-aware Curriculum Learning for Multimodal Alignment11 Nov 2025
- 2025Do Joint Language-Audio Embeddings Encode Perceptual Timbre Semantics?16 Oct 2025
- 2025InteractiveOmni: A Unified Omni-modal Model for Audio-Visual Multi-turn Dialogue15 Oct 2025
- 2025Generative Audio Language Modeling with Continuous-valued Tokens and Masked Next-Token Prediction14 Jul 2025
- 2025The iNaturalist Sounds Dataset31 May 2025
- 2025EmotionRankCLAP: Bridging Natural Language Speaking Styles and Ordinal Speech Emotion via Rank-N-Contrast29 May 2025
- 2024On Class Separability Pitfalls In Audio-Text Contrastive Zero-Shot Learning23 Aug 2024
- 2024PanoSent: A Panoptic Sextuple Extraction Benchmark for Multimodal Conversational Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis18 Aug 2024
- 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generation27 Jun 2024
- 2024Bridging Language Gaps in Audio-Text Retrieval11 Jun 2024
- 2024Revisiting Deep Audio-Text Retrieval Through the Lens of Transportation16 May 2024
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)