iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Monocular depth estimation is fundamental for 3D scene understanding and downstream applications. However, even under the supervised setup, it is still challenging and ill-posed due to the lack of full geometric constraints. Although a scene can consist of millions of pixels, there are fewer high-level patterns. We propose iDisc to learn those patterns with internal discretized representations. The method implicitly partitions the scene into a set of high-level patterns. In particular, our new module, Internal Discretization (ID), implements a continuous-discrete-continuous bottleneck to learn those concepts without supervision. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model does not enforce any explicit constraints or priors on the depth output. The whole network with the ID module can be trained end-to-end, thanks to the bottleneck module based on attention. Our method sets the new state of the art with significant improvements on NYU-Depth v2 and KITTI, outperforming all published methods on the official KITTI benchmark. iDisc can also achieve state-of-the-art results on surface normal estimation. Further, we explore the model generalization capability via zero-shot testing. We observe the compelling need to promote diversification in the outdoor scenario. Hence, we introduce splits of two autonomous driving datasets, DDAD and Argoverse. Code is available at http://vis.xyz/pub/idisc .
Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2023.
Builds on
53 of 70 references.
References · 53
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,691
- 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
- 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
- 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
- 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,417
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
38 more
- 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 865
- 2019Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Mapscited by 728
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2017Dynamic Routing Between Capsulescited by 689
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 596
- 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 437
- 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 402
- 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 379
- 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
- 2017Dilated Residual Networkscited by 293
- 2019Adversarial Examples Improve Image Recognitioncited by 283
- 2019DIODE: A Dense Indoor and Outdoor DEpth Datasetcited by 236
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
- 2018PAD-Net: Multi-Tasks Guided Prediction-and-Distillation Network for Simultaneous Depth Estimation and Scene Parsingcited by 224
- 2021Fast Convergence of DETR with Spatially Modulated Co-Attentioncited by 176
- 2015Learning Depth from Single Monocular Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Fieldscited by 169
- 2020Rethinking Transformer-based Set Prediction for Object Detectioncited by 156
- 2022NeW CRFs: Neural Window Fully-connected CRFs for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 151
- 2019Pattern-Affinitive Propagation across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentationcited by 141
- 2021Transformer-Based Attention Networks for Continuous Pixel-Wise Predictioncited by 125
- 2021Estimating and Exploiting the Aleatoric Uncertainty in Surface Normal Estimationcited by 116
- 2022DepthFormer: Exploiting Long-Range Correlation and Local Information for Accurate Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2022P3Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation with a Piecewise Planarity Priorcited by 106
- 2018PlaneRCNN: 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 105
- 2021Boosting Monocular Depth Estimation Models to High-Resolution via Content-Adaptive Multi-Resolution Mergingcited by 104
- 2020ViP-DeepLab: Learning Visual Perception with Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 95
- 2022LocalBins: Improving Depth Estimation by Learning Local Distributionscited by 92
- 2022Attention Attention Everywhere: Monocular Depth Prediction with Skip Attentioncited by 92
- 2016Estimating Depth from Monocular Images as Classification Using Deep Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 91
- 2020Guiding Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth-Attention Volumecited by 82
- 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
- 2018PlaneNet: Piece-wise Planar Reconstruction from a Single RGB Imagecited by 77
- 2019Does computer vision matter for action?cited by 64
- 2019Single-Image Piece-wise Planar 3D Reconstruction via Associative Embeddingcited by 56
- 2021Adaptive Surface Normal Constraint for Depth Estimationcited by 43
- 2020P2Net: Patch-match and Plane-regularization for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 41
- 2020GeoNet++: Iterative Geometric Neural Network with Edge-Aware Refinement for Joint Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 36
- 2021StructDepth: Leveraging the structural regularities for self-supervised indoor depth estimationcited by 36
50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 32; 2025: 15; 2026: 11.
71 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 375
- 2024Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 175
- 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simplercited by 170
- 2024HUGS: Holistic Urban 3D Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 141
- 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimationcited by 60
- 2023PatchFusion: An End-to-End Tile-Based Framework for High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 39
- 2025Depth Any Camera: Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation from Any Cameracited by 38
- 2023A General Protocol to Probe Large Vision Models for 3D Physical Understandingcited by 32
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusioncited by 28
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2024PatchRefiner: Leveraging Synthetic Data for Real-Domain High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 15
38 more
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2024ScaleDepth: Decomposing Metric Depth Estimation into Scale Prediction and Relative Depth Estimationcited by 15
- 2023Learnable Differencing Center for Nighttime Depth Perceptioncited by 14
- 2023PolyMaX: General Dense Prediction with Mask Transformercited by 14
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignmentcited by 14
- 2024VoxelNextFusion: A Simple, Unified and Effective Voxel Fusion Framework for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2024BEHAVIOR Vision Suite: Customizable Dataset Generation via Simulationcited by 13
- 2024DCDepth: Progressive Monocular Depth Estimation in Discrete Cosine Domaincited by 11
- 2024Diffusion-Based Depth Inpainting for Transparent and Reflective Objectscited by 9
- 2024Scalable Autoregressive Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 9
- 2023RSRD: A Road Surface Reconstruction Dataset and Benchmark for Safe and Comfortable Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2023Joint Depth Prediction and Semantic Segmentation with Multi-View SAMcited by 8
- 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 8
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 7
- 2024Probing the Mid-level Vision Capabilities of Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
- 2026On the Generalization Capacities of MLLMs for Spatial Intelligencecited by 7
- 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Cameracited by 7
- 2023When Multi-Task Learning Meets Partial Supervision: A Computer Vision Reviewcited by 6
- 2024Robust Depth Enhancement via Polarization Prompt Fusion Tuningcited by 6
- 2024Scene123: One Prompt to 3D Scene Generation via Video-Assisted and Consistency-Enhanced MAEcited by 6
- 2024Decoupling Fine Detail and Global Geometry for Compressed Depth Map Super-Resolutioncited by 6
- 2024PCDepth: Pattern-based Complementary Learning for Monocular Depth Estimation by Best of Both Worldscited by 5
- 2024RePLAy: Remove Projective LiDAR Depthmap Artifacts via Exploiting Epipolar Geometrycited by 4
- 2023Camera Height Doesn't Change: Unsupervised Training for Metric Monocular Road-Scene Depth Estimationcited by 3
- 2024Depth-aware Volume Attention for Texture-less Stereo Matchingcited by 3
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025PatchRefiner V2: Fast and Lightweight Real-Domain High-Resolution Metric Depth Estimationcited by 3
- 2025FastRSR: Efficient and Accurate Road Surface Reconstruction from Bird's Eye Viewcited by 3
- 2025Video Depth Propagationcited by 3
- 2023GenDepth: Generalizing Monocular Depth Estimation for Arbitrary Camera Parameters via Ground Plane Embeddingcited by 2
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoomcited by 2
- 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusioncited by 2
- 2025ViT-Split: Unleashing the Power of Vision Foundation Models via Efficient Splitting Headscited by 2
- 2026LiftFormer: Lifting and Frame Theory Based Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth and Edge Oriented Subspace Representationcited by 2
- 2023Semi-Supervised Semantic Depth Estimation using Symbiotic Transformer and NearFarMix Augmentationcited by 1
- 2024Semantic Line Combination Detectorcited by 1
50 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026DVPSFormer: Efficient Online Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving28 Jul 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Depth-Aware Image and Video Orientation Estimation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Adaptive Depth-converted-Scale Convolution for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation9 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation From the Perspective of Feature Restoration: A Diffusion Enhanced Depth Restoration Approach9 Apr 2026
- 2026LiftFormer: Lifting and Frame Theory Based Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth and Edge Oriented Subspace Representation8 Apr 2026
- 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Camera28 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-Domain Representation Alignment: Bridging 2D and 3D Vision via Geometry-Aware Architecture Search20 Mar 2026
- 2026Fractal Autoregressive Depth Estimation with Continuous Token Diffusion16 Mar 2026
- 2026On the Generalization Capacities of MLLMs for Spatial Intelligence5 Mar 2026
- 2026RAD: Retrieval-Augmented Monocular Metric Depth Estimation for Underrepresented Classes10 Feb 2026
- 2025Boosting Monocular Metric Depth Estimation via Bokeh Rendering13 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Video Depth Propagation11 Dec 2025
- 2025SUPER Module for Detail-Sensitive and Cost-Efficient U-Net Variant Decoders14 Nov 2025
- 2025ROVR-Open-Dataset: A Large-Scale Depth Dataset for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025TR2M: Transferring Monocular Relative Depth to Metric Depth with Language Descriptions and Dual-Level Scale-Oriented Contrast16 Jun 2025
- 2025ViT-Split: Unleashing the Power of Vision Foundation Models via Efficient Splitting Heads3 Jun 2025
- 2025FastRSR: Efficient and Accurate Road Surface Reconstruction from Bird's Eye View13 Apr 2025
- 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimation20 Mar 2025
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimation18 Mar 2025
- 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simpler27 Feb 2025
- 2025NPSim: Nighttime Photorealistic Simulation From Daytime Images With Monocular Inverse Rendering and Ray Tracing15 Feb 2025
- 2025CoL3D: Collaborative Learning of Single-view Depth and Camera Intrinsics for Metric 3D Shape Recovery13 Feb 2025
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jan 2025
- 2025Depth Any Camera: Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation from Any Camera5 Jan 2025
- 2025PatchRefiner V2: Fast and Lightweight Real-Domain High-Resolution Metric Depth Estimation2 Jan 2025
- 2024MetricDepth: Enhancing Monocular Depth Estimation with Deep Metric Learning29 Dec 2024
- 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusion8 Dec 2024
- 2024STATIC : Surface Temporal Affine for TIme Consistency in Video Monocular Depth Estimation2 Dec 2024
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibration26 Nov 2024
- 2024Probing the Mid-level Vision Capabilities of Self-Supervised Learning25 Nov 2024
- 2024Scalable Autoregressive Monocular Depth Estimation18 Nov 2024
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Models7 Nov 2024
- 2024Decoupling Fine Detail and Global Geometry for Compressed Depth Map Super-Resolution5 Nov 2024
- 2024DCDepth: Progressive Monocular Depth Estimation in Discrete Cosine Domain19 Oct 2024
- 2024Diffusion-Based Depth Inpainting for Transparent and Reflective Objects11 Oct 2024
- 2024UDGS-SLAM : UniDepth Assisted Gaussian Splatting for Monocular SLAM31 Aug 2024
- 2024Scene123: One Prompt to 3D Scene Generation via Video-Assisted and Consistency-Enhanced MAE10 Aug 2024
- 2024Sun Off, Lights On: Photorealistic Monocular Nighttime Simulation for Robust Semantic Perception29 Jul 2024
- 2024Revisit Self-supervised Depth Estimation with Local Structure-from-Motion27 Jul 2024
- 2024RePLAy: Remove Projective LiDAR Depthmap Artifacts via Exploiting Epipolar Geometry27 Jul 2024
- 2024ScaleDepth: Decomposing Metric Depth Estimation into Scale Prediction and Relative Depth Estimation11 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-supervised Pretraining and Finetuning for Monocular Depth and Visual Odometry16 Jun 2024
- 2024PatchRefiner: Leveraging Synthetic Data for Real-Domain High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimation10 Jun 2024
- 2024BEHAVIOR Vision Suite: Customizable Dataset Generation via Simulation15 May 2024
- 2024Semantic Line Combination Detector29 Apr 2024
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Apr 2024
- 2024Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Models12 Apr 2024
- 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye View9 Apr 2024
50 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2023A General Protocol to Probe Large Vision Models for 3D Physical Understandingcited by 32
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusioncited by 28
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignmentcited by 14
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 7
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jan 2025
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibration26 Nov 2024
- 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Models7 Nov 2024
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusion19 Dec 2023
- 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignment13 Dec 2023
- 2023A General Protocol to Probe Large Vision Models for 3D Physical Understanding10 Oct 2023
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoomcited by 2
- 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoom8 Jan 2024
- 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 375
- 2024Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 175
- 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simplercited by 170
- 2024HUGS: Holistic Urban 3D Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 141
- 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimationcited by 60
- 2023PatchFusion: An End-to-End Tile-Based Framework for High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 39
- 2025Depth Any Camera: Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation from Any Cameracited by 38
- 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2024PatchRefiner: Leveraging Synthetic Data for Real-Domain High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 15
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2024ScaleDepth: Decomposing Metric Depth Estimation into Scale Prediction and Relative Depth Estimationcited by 15
- 2023Learnable Differencing Center for Nighttime Depth Perceptioncited by 14
12 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026DVPSFormer: Efficient Online Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving28 Jul 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Depth-Aware Image and Video Orientation Estimation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Adaptive Depth-converted-Scale Convolution for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation9 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation From the Perspective of Feature Restoration: A Diffusion Enhanced Depth Restoration Approach9 Apr 2026
- 2026LiftFormer: Lifting and Frame Theory Based Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth and Edge Oriented Subspace Representation8 Apr 2026
- 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Camera28 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-Domain Representation Alignment: Bridging 2D and 3D Vision via Geometry-Aware Architecture Search20 Mar 2026
- 2026Fractal Autoregressive Depth Estimation with Continuous Token Diffusion16 Mar 2026
- 2026RAD: Retrieval-Augmented Monocular Metric Depth Estimation for Underrepresented Classes10 Feb 2026
- 2025Boosting Monocular Metric Depth Estimation via Bokeh Rendering13 Dec 2025
- 2025Video Depth Propagation11 Dec 2025
12 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)