mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimation

arXiv 2304.06334 ↗First posted 13 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 71

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Abstract (arXiv)

Monocular depth estimation is fundamental for 3D scene understanding and downstream applications. However, even under the supervised setup, it is still challenging and ill-posed due to the lack of full geometric constraints. Although a scene can consist of millions of pixels, there are fewer high-level patterns. We propose iDisc to learn those patterns with internal discretized representations. The method implicitly partitions the scene into a set of high-level patterns. In particular, our new module, Internal Discretization (ID), implements a continuous-discrete-continuous bottleneck to learn those concepts without supervision. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods, the proposed model does not enforce any explicit constraints or priors on the depth output. The whole network with the ID module can be trained end-to-end, thanks to the bottleneck module based on attention. Our method sets the new state of the art with significant improvements on NYU-Depth v2 and KITTI, outperforming all published methods on the official KITTI benchmark. iDisc can also achieve state-of-the-art results on surface normal estimation. Further, we explore the model generalization capability via zero-shot testing. We observe the compelling need to promote diversification in the outdoor scenario. Hence, we introduce splits of two autonomous driving datasets, DDAD and Argoverse. Code is available at http://vis.xyz/pub/idisc .

Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Apr 2023.

Builds on

53 of 70 references.

References · 53

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  4. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  5. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
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  7. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,415
  8. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
  9. 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
  10. 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
  11. 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,417
  12. 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
38 more
  1. 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 865
  2. 2019Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Mapscited by 728
  3. 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
  4. 2017Dynamic Routing Between Capsulescited by 689
  5. 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 596
  6. 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 437
  7. 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 402
  8. 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 379
  9. 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
  10. 2017Dilated Residual Networkscited by 293
  11. 2019Adversarial Examples Improve Image Recognitioncited by 283
  12. 2019DIODE: A Dense Indoor and Outdoor DEpth Datasetcited by 236
  13. 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
  14. 2018PAD-Net: Multi-Tasks Guided Prediction-and-Distillation Network for Simultaneous Depth Estimation and Scene Parsingcited by 224
  15. 2021Fast Convergence of DETR with Spatially Modulated Co-Attentioncited by 176
  16. 2015Learning Depth from Single Monocular Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Fieldscited by 169
  17. 2020Rethinking Transformer-based Set Prediction for Object Detectioncited by 156
  18. 2022NeW CRFs: Neural Window Fully-connected CRFs for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 151
  19. 2019Pattern-Affinitive Propagation across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentationcited by 141
  20. 2021Transformer-Based Attention Networks for Continuous Pixel-Wise Predictioncited by 125
  21. 2021Estimating and Exploiting the Aleatoric Uncertainty in Surface Normal Estimationcited by 116
  22. 2022DepthFormer: Exploiting Long-Range Correlation and Local Information for Accurate Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
  23. 2022P3Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation with a Piecewise Planarity Priorcited by 106
  24. 2018PlaneRCNN: 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 105
  25. 2021Boosting Monocular Depth Estimation Models to High-Resolution via Content-Adaptive Multi-Resolution Mergingcited by 104
  26. 2020ViP-DeepLab: Learning Visual Perception with Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 95
  27. 2022LocalBins: Improving Depth Estimation by Learning Local Distributionscited by 92
  28. 2022Attention Attention Everywhere: Monocular Depth Prediction with Skip Attentioncited by 92
  29. 2016Estimating Depth from Monocular Images as Classification Using Deep Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 91
  30. 2020Guiding Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth-Attention Volumecited by 82
  31. 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
  32. 2018PlaneNet: Piece-wise Planar Reconstruction from a Single RGB Imagecited by 77
  33. 2019Does computer vision matter for action?cited by 64
  34. 2019Single-Image Piece-wise Planar 3D Reconstruction via Associative Embeddingcited by 56
  35. 2021Adaptive Surface Normal Constraint for Depth Estimationcited by 43
  36. 2020P2Net: Patch-match and Plane-regularization for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 41
  37. 2020GeoNet++: Iterative Geometric Neural Network with Edge-Aware Refinement for Joint Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 36
  38. 2021StructDepth: Leveraging the structural regularities for self-supervised indoor depth estimationcited by 36

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 13; 2024: 32; 2025: 15; 2026: 11.

71 papers.

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  1. 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 375
  2. 2024Probing the 3D Awareness of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 175
  3. 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simplercited by 170
  4. 2024HUGS: Holistic Urban 3D Scene Understanding via Gaussian Splattingcited by 141
  5. 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimationcited by 60
  6. 2023PatchFusion: An End-to-End Tile-Based Framework for High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 39
  7. 2025Depth Any Camera: Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation from Any Cameracited by 38
  8. 2023A General Protocol to Probe Large Vision Models for 3D Physical Understandingcited by 32
  9. 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusioncited by 28
  10. 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
  11. 2025Vision-Language Embodiment for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
  12. 2024PatchRefiner: Leveraging Synthetic Data for Real-Domain High-Resolution Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 15
38 more
  1. 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
  2. 2024ScaleDepth: Decomposing Metric Depth Estimation into Scale Prediction and Relative Depth Estimationcited by 15
  3. 2023Learnable Differencing Center for Nighttime Depth Perceptioncited by 14
  4. 2023PolyMaX: General Dense Prediction with Mask Transformercited by 14
  5. 2023EVP: Enhanced Visual Perception using Inverse Multi-Attentive Feature Refinement and Regularized Image-Text Alignmentcited by 14
  6. 2024VoxelNextFusion: A Simple, Unified and Effective Voxel Fusion Framework for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
  7. 2024FutureDepth: Learning to Predict the Future Improves Video Depth Estimationcited by 13
  8. 2024BEHAVIOR Vision Suite: Customizable Dataset Generation via Simulationcited by 13
  9. 2024DCDepth: Progressive Monocular Depth Estimation in Discrete Cosine Domaincited by 11
  10. 2024Diffusion-Based Depth Inpainting for Transparent and Reflective Objectscited by 9
  11. 2024Scalable Autoregressive Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 9
  12. 2023RSRD: A Road Surface Reconstruction Dataset and Benchmark for Safe and Comfortable Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
  13. 2023Joint Depth Prediction and Semantic Segmentation with Multi-View SAMcited by 8
  14. 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 8
  15. 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 8
  16. 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 7
  17. 2024Probing the Mid-level Vision Capabilities of Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  18. 2026On the Generalization Capacities of MLLMs for Spatial Intelligencecited by 7
  19. 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Cameracited by 7
  20. 2023When Multi-Task Learning Meets Partial Supervision: A Computer Vision Reviewcited by 6
  21. 2024Robust Depth Enhancement via Polarization Prompt Fusion Tuningcited by 6
  22. 2024Scene123: One Prompt to 3D Scene Generation via Video-Assisted and Consistency-Enhanced MAEcited by 6
  23. 2024Decoupling Fine Detail and Global Geometry for Compressed Depth Map Super-Resolutioncited by 6
  24. 2024PCDepth: Pattern-based Complementary Learning for Monocular Depth Estimation by Best of Both Worldscited by 5
  25. 2024RePLAy: Remove Projective LiDAR Depthmap Artifacts via Exploiting Epipolar Geometrycited by 4
  26. 2023Camera Height Doesn't Change: Unsupervised Training for Metric Monocular Road-Scene Depth Estimationcited by 3
  27. 2024Depth-aware Volume Attention for Texture-less Stereo Matchingcited by 3
  28. 2024Diff-2-in-1: Bridging Generation and Dense Perception with Diffusion Modelscited by 3
  29. 2025PatchRefiner V2: Fast and Lightweight Real-Domain High-Resolution Metric Depth Estimationcited by 3
  30. 2025FastRSR: Efficient and Accurate Road Surface Reconstruction from Bird's Eye Viewcited by 3
  31. 2025Video Depth Propagationcited by 3
  32. 2023GenDepth: Generalizing Monocular Depth Estimation for Arbitrary Camera Parameters via Ground Plane Embeddingcited by 2
  33. 2024Behavioural Cloning in VizDoomcited by 2
  34. 2024GVDepth: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation for Ground Vehicles based on Probabilistic Cue Fusioncited by 2
  35. 2025ViT-Split: Unleashing the Power of Vision Foundation Models via Efficient Splitting Headscited by 2
  36. 2026LiftFormer: Lifting and Frame Theory Based Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth and Edge Oriented Subspace Representationcited by 2
  37. 2023Semi-Supervised Semantic Depth Estimation using Symbiotic Transformer and NearFarMix Augmentationcited by 1
  38. 2024Semantic Line Combination Detectorcited by 1

50 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)