NeW CRFs: Neural Window Fully-connected CRFs for Monocular Depth Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Estimating the accurate depth from a single image is challenging since it is inherently ambiguous and ill-posed. While recent works design increasingly complicated and powerful networks to directly regress the depth map, we take the path of CRFs optimization. Due to the expensive computation, CRFs are usually performed between neighborhoods rather than the whole graph. To leverage the potential of fully-connected CRFs, we split the input into windows and perform the FC-CRFs optimization within each window, which reduces the computation complexity and makes FC-CRFs feasible. To better capture the relationships between nodes in the graph, we exploit the multi-head attention mechanism to compute a multi-head potential function, which is fed to the networks to output an optimized depth map. Then we build a bottom-up-top-down structure, where this neural window FC-CRFs module serves as the decoder, and a vision transformer serves as the encoder. The experiments demonstrate that our method significantly improves the performance across all metrics on both the KITTI and NYUv2 datasets, compared to previous methods. Furthermore, the proposed method can be directly applied to panorama images and outperforms all previous panorama methods on the MatterPort3D dataset. Project page: https://weihaosky.github.io/newcrfs.
Key facts. Cited by 151 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2022.
Builds on
28 of 46 references.
References · 28
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 596
- 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 379
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
16 more
- 2020Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation: Solving the Dynamic Object Problem by Semantic Guidancecited by 148
- 2019Pattern-Affinitive Propagation across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentationcited by 141
- 2014Deep Convolutional Neural Fields for Depth Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 106
- 2020HoHoNet: 360 Indoor Holistic Understanding with Latent Horizontal Featurescited by 104
- 2018OmniDepth: Dense Depth Estimation for Indoors Spherical Panoramascited by 98
- 2020ViP-DeepLab: Learning Visual Perception with Depth-aware Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 95
- 2021UniFuse: Unidirectional Fusion for 360circ Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 91
- 2020Guiding Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth-Attention Volumecited by 82
- 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
- 2020Bidirectional Attention Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 48
- 2021Sparse Auxiliary Networks for Unified Monocular Depth Prediction and Completioncited by 39
- 2018Monocular Depth Estimation using Multi-Scale Continuous CRFs as Sequential Deep Networkscited by 19
- 2021Stereo Matching by Self-supervision of Multiscopic Visioncited by 14
- 2019SDNet: Semantically Guided Depth Estimation Networkcited by 11
- 2018Reinforcement Learning in Topology-based Representation for Human Body Movement with Whole Arm Manipulationcited by 6
- 2021MFuseNet: Robust Depth Estimation with Learned Multiscopic Fusioncited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 37; 2024: 36; 2025: 44; 2026: 26.
151 papers.
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- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 375
- 2025Video Depth Anything: Consistent Depth Estimation for Super-Long Videoscited by 202
- 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simplercited by 170
- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 166
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 163
- 2022DepthFormer: Exploiting Long-Range Correlation and Local Information for Accurate Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2022Attention Attention Everywhere: Monocular Depth Prediction with Skip Attentioncited by 92
- 2025SpatialTrackerV2: 3D Point Tracking Made Easycited by 84
- 2023DiffusionDepth: Diffusion Denoising Approach for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 81
- 2024Align3R: Aligned Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Videoscited by 79
- 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
38 more
- 2023iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 71
- 2023Behind the Scenes: Density Fields for Single View Reconstructioncited by 63
- 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimationcited by 60
- 2023VA-DepthNet: A Variational Approach to Single Image Depth Predictioncited by 54
- 2023IEBins: Iterative Elastic Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 53
- 2023NDDepth: Normal-Distance Assisted Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 45
- 2023A survey on efficient vision transformers: algorithms, techniques, and performance benchmarkingcited by 41
- 2025LBM: Latent Bridge Matching for Fast Image-to-Image Translationcited by 36
- 2023Improving Depth Gradient Continuity in Transformers: A Comparative Study on Monocular Depth Estimation with CNNcited by 35
- 2024WorDepth: Variational Language Prior for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 34
- 2023Uncertainty-aware State Space Transformer for Egocentric 3D Hand Trajectory Forecastingcited by 33
- 2023Zero-Shot Metric Depth with a Field-of-View Conditioned Diffusion Modelcited by 29
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusioncited by 28
- 2022DevNet: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Learning via Density Volume Constructioncited by 22
- 2023Kick Back & Relax: Learning to Reconstruct the World by Watching SlowTVcited by 21
- 2025UniFuture: A 4D Driving World Model for Future Generation and Perceptioncited by 21
- 2024RSA: Resolving Scale Ambiguities in Monocular Depth Estimators through Language Descriptionscited by 20
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priorscited by 19
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
- 2023URCDC-Depth: Uncertainty Rectified Cross-Distillation with CutFlip for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2023EGA-Depth: Efficient Guided Attention for Self-Supervised Multi-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2025Lotus-2: Advancing Geometric Dense Prediction with Powerful Image Generative Modelcited by 16
- 2024ScaleDepth: Decomposing Metric Depth Estimation into Scale Prediction and Relative Depth Estimationcited by 15
- 2023Single Image Depth Prediction Made Better: A Multivariate Gaussian Takecited by 14
- 2025Integrating Extra Modality Helps Segmentor Find Camouflaged Objects Wellcited by 14
- 2023The RoboDepth Challenge: Methods and Advancements Towards Robust Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2023The Second Monocular Depth Estimation Challengecited by 12
- 2023G2-MonoDepth: A General Framework of Generalized Depth Inference from Monocular RGB+X Datacited by 12
- 2023MonoDiffusion: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Using Diffusion Modelcited by 12
- 2024CaFNet: A Confidence-Driven Framework for Radar Camera Depth Estimationcited by 12
- 2024DCDepth: Progressive Monocular Depth Estimation in Discrete Cosine Domaincited by 11
- 2022SfM-TTR: Using Structure from Motion for Test-Time Refinement of Single-View Depth Networkscited by 10
- 2024OV9D: Open-Vocabulary Category-Level 9D Object Pose and Size Estimationcited by 10
- 2024The Third Monocular Depth Estimation Challengecited by 10
- 2025Extending Foundational Monocular Depth Estimators to Fisheye Cameras with Calibration Tokenscited by 9
- 20233D Former: Monocular Scene Reconstruction with 3D SDF Transformerscited by 8
- 2023NDDepth: Normal-Distance Assisted Monocular Depth Estimation and Completioncited by 8
50 most cited of 151 All 151 (JSON)
- 2026Self-Supervised Perceptually Interpretable Monocular Depth Estimation25 Sep 2026
- 2026Object Concepts Emerge from Motion3 Sep 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026Repurposing RGB-based Foundation Model for Depth Estimation on Thermal Images Using Hierarchical Supervision12 Aug 2026
- 2026FeDepth: Federated Learning for Depth Estimation under Robot Heterogeneity2 Aug 2026
- 2026DAPM: UAV Monocular Depth Estimation from Any Height, Pitch, Roll and FOV23 Jul 2026
- 2026ZipDepth: Bringing Lightweight Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Anywhere, on Any Device9 Jul 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Images10 Jun 2026
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Consistent Video Geometry Estimation28 May 2026
- 2026SeeGroup: Multi-Layer Depth Estimation of Transparent Surfaces via Self-Determined Grouping27 May 2026
38 more
- 2026GemDepth: Geometry-Embedded Features for 3D-Consistent Video Depth11 May 2026
- 2026REALM: An RGB- and Event-Aligned Latent Manifold for Cross-Modal Perception30 Apr 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026LiftFormer: Lifting and Frame Theory Based Monocular Depth Estimation Using Depth and Edge Oriented Subspace Representation8 Apr 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Awareness Adapters with Hybrid Pyramid Feature Fusion for Dense Depth Prediction3 Apr 2026
- 2026UniDAC: Universal Metric Depth Estimation for Any Camera28 Mar 2026
- 2026Single-Eye View: Monocular Real-time Perception Package for Autonomous Driving22 Mar 2026
- 2026Dual-Domain Representation Alignment: Bridging 2D and 3D Vision via Geometry-Aware Architecture Search20 Mar 2026
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimation17 Mar 2026
- 2026Fractal Autoregressive Depth Estimation with Continuous Token Diffusion16 Mar 2026
- 2026RAD: Retrieval-Augmented Monocular Metric Depth Estimation for Underrepresented Classes10 Feb 2026
- 2026SHED Light on Segmentation for Dense Prediction30 Jan 2026
- 2026SPACE-CLIP: Spatial Perception via Adaptive CLIP Embeddings for Monocular Depth Estimation25 Jan 2026
- 2026Systematic Evaluation of Depth Backbones and Semantic Cues for Monocular Pseudo-LiDAR 3D Detection7 Jan 2026
- 2025ReDepth Anything: Test-Time Depth Refinement via Self-Supervised Re-lighting19 Dec 2025
- 2025Video Depth Propagation11 Dec 2025
- 2025Lotus-2: Advancing Geometric Dense Prediction with Powerful Image Generative Model30 Nov 2025
- 2025No Pose Estimation? No Problem: Pose-Agnostic and Instance-Aware Test-Time Adaptation for Monocular Depth Estimation7 Nov 2025
- 2025ROVR-Open-Dataset: A Large-Scale Depth Dataset for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025TRIDE: A Text-assisted Radar-Image weather-aware fusion network for Depth Estimation11 Aug 2025
- 2025Extending Foundational Monocular Depth Estimators to Fisheye Cameras with Calibration Tokens6 Aug 2025
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Region-aware Depth Scale Adaptation with Sparse Measurements20 Jul 2025
- 2025SpatialTrackerV2: 3D Point Tracking Made Easy16 Jul 2025
- 2025PacGDC: Label-Efficient Generalizable Depth Completion with Projection Ambiguity and Consistency10 Jul 2025
- 2025DepthSync: Diffusion Guidance-Based Depth Synchronization for Scale- and Geometry-Consistent Video Depth Estimation2 Jul 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Video Scene Parsing:Advances, Challenges, and Prospects16 Jun 2025
- 2025TR2M: Transferring Monocular Relative Depth to Metric Depth with Language Descriptions and Dual-Level Scale-Oriented Contrast16 Jun 2025
- 2025Toward Better SSIM Loss for Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jun 2025
- 2025ViT-Split: Unleashing the Power of Vision Foundation Models via Efficient Splitting Heads3 Jun 2025
- 2025Bridging Geometric and Semantic Foundation Models for Generalized Monocular Depth Estimation29 May 2025
- 2025Object Concepts Emerge from Motion27 May 2025
- 2025Occlusion Boundary and Depth: Mutual Enhancement via Multi-Task Learning27 May 2025
- 2025BadDepth: Backdoor Attacks Against Monocular Depth Estimation in the Physical World22 May 2025
- 2025Depth as Points: Center Point-based Depth Estimation26 Apr 2025
- 2025Dense Geometry Supervision for Underwater Depth Estimation25 Apr 2025
- 2025Back to Fundamentals: Low-Level Visual Features Guided Progressive Token Pruning25 Apr 2025
50 newest of 151 All 151 (JSON)
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 163
- 2023Zero-Shot Metric Depth with a Field-of-View Conditioned Diffusion Modelcited by 29
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusioncited by 28
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
- 2025Lotus-2: Advancing Geometric Dense Prediction with Powerful Image Generative Modelcited by 16
- 2023MonoDiffusion: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Using Diffusion Modelcited by 12
- 2024OV9D: Open-Vocabulary Category-Level 9D Object Pose and Size Estimationcited by 10
- 2024GRIN: Zero-Shot Metric Depth with Pixel-Level Diffusioncited by 6
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2025DepthSync: Diffusion Guidance-Based Depth Synchronization for Scale- and Geometry-Consistent Video Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimation17 Mar 2026
- 2025Lotus-2: Advancing Geometric Dense Prediction with Powerful Image Generative Model30 Nov 2025
- 2025DepthSync: Diffusion Guidance-Based Depth Synchronization for Scale- and Geometry-Consistent Video Depth Estimation2 Jul 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jan 2025
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Prediction26 Sep 2024
- 2024GRIN: Zero-Shot Metric Depth with Pixel-Level Diffusion15 Sep 2024
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditions23 Jul 2024
- 2024OV9D: Open-Vocabulary Category-Level 9D Object Pose and Size Estimation19 Mar 2024
- 2023Zero-Shot Metric Depth with a Field-of-View Conditioned Diffusion Model20 Dec 2023
- 2023Atlantis: Enabling Underwater Depth Estimation with Stable Diffusion19 Dec 2023
- 2023MonoDiffusion: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Using Diffusion Model13 Nov 2023
- 2023DUSt3R: Geometric 3D Vision Made Easycited by 1,526
- 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 375
- 2025Video Depth Anything: Consistent Depth Estimation for Super-Long Videoscited by 202
- 2025UniDepthV2: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation Made Simplercited by 170
- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 166
- 2022DepthFormer: Exploiting Long-Range Correlation and Local Information for Accurate Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2022Attention Attention Everywhere: Monocular Depth Prediction with Skip Attentioncited by 92
- 2025SpatialTrackerV2: 3D Point Tracking Made Easycited by 84
- 2023DiffusionDepth: Diffusion Denoising Approach for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 81
- 2024Align3R: Aligned Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Videoscited by 79
- 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2023iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 71
12 most cited of 136 All 136 (JSON)
- 2026Self-Supervised Perceptually Interpretable Monocular Depth Estimation25 Sep 2026
- 2026Object Concepts Emerge from Motion3 Sep 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026Repurposing RGB-based Foundation Model for Depth Estimation on Thermal Images Using Hierarchical Supervision12 Aug 2026
- 2026FeDepth: Federated Learning for Depth Estimation under Robot Heterogeneity2 Aug 2026
- 2026DAPM: UAV Monocular Depth Estimation from Any Height, Pitch, Roll and FOV23 Jul 2026
- 2026ZipDepth: Bringing Lightweight Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Anywhere, on Any Device9 Jul 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Images10 Jun 2026
- 2026PixVOD: Pixel-Distributed Direct Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Consistent Video Geometry Estimation28 May 2026
- 2026SeeGroup: Multi-Layer Depth Estimation of Transparent Surfaces via Self-Determined Grouping27 May 2026
12 newest of 136 All 136 (JSON)