Single-Image Piece-wise Planar 3D Reconstruction via Associative Embedding
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Abstract (arXiv)
Single-image piece-wise planar 3D reconstruction aims to simultaneously segment plane instances and recover 3D plane parameters from an image. Most recent approaches leverage convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and achieve promising results. However, these methods are limited to detecting a fixed number of planes with certain learned order. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel two-stage method based on associative embedding, inspired by its recent success in instance segmentation. In the first stage, we train a CNN to map each pixel to an embedding space where pixels from the same plane instance have similar embeddings. Then, the plane instances are obtained by grouping the embedding vectors in planar regions via an efficient mean shift clustering algorithm. In the second stage, we estimate the parameter for each plane instance by considering both pixel-level and instance-level consistencies. With the proposed method, we are able to detect an arbitrary number of planes. Extensive experiments on public datasets validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. Furthermore, our method runs at 30 fps at the testing time, thus could facilitate many real-time applications such as visual SLAM and human-robot interaction. Code is available at https://github.com/svip-lab/PlanarReconstruction.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 9; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.
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- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 470
- 2022P3Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation with a Piecewise Planarity Priorcited by 107
- 2023PC2: Projection-Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstructioncited by 84
- 2023iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 73
- 2021Planar Surface Reconstruction from Sparse Viewscited by 40
- 2021HPNet: Deep Primitive Segmentation Using Hybrid Representationscited by 36
- 2021StructDepth: Leveraging the structural regularities for self-supervised indoor depth estimationcited by 36
- 2022Understanding 3D Object Articulation in Internet Videoscited by 36
- 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recoverycited by 33
- 2022PlaneMVS: 3D Plane Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 29
- 2022PlanarRecon: Real-time 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction from Posed Monocular Videoscited by 27
- 2022PlaneFormers: From Sparse View Planes to 3D Reconstructioncited by 26
38 more
- 2022NeurMiPs: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesiscited by 23
- 2022NOPE-SAC: Neural One-Plane RANSAC for Sparse-View Planar 3D Reconstructioncited by 21
- 2021Plan2Scene: Converting Floorplans to 3D Scenescited by 17
- 2023Dataset Condensation via Generative Modelcited by 15
- 2021Mirror3D: Depth Refinement for Mirror Surfacescited by 13
- 2023Geometrically-driven Aggregation for Zero-shot 3D Point Cloud Understandingcited by 13
- 2024AirPlanes: Accurate Plane Estimation via 3D-Consistent Embeddingscited by 13
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutescited by 13
- 2021PLNet: Plane and Line Priors for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 12
- 2023Structural Multiplane Image: Bridging Neural View Synthesis and 3D Reconstructioncited by 12
- 2021Indoor Panorama Planar 3D Reconstruction via Divide and Conquercited by 9
- 2021PlaneRecNet: Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Consistency for Piece-Wise Plane Detection and Reconstruction from a Single RGB Imagecited by 8
- 2021PlaneSegNet: Fast and Robust Plane Estimation Using a Single-stage Instance Segmentation CNNcited by 7
- 2021Learning to Reconstruct 3D Non-Cuboid Room Layout from a Single RGB Imagecited by 7
- 2021Structured Outdoor Architecture Reconstruction by Exploration and Classificationcited by 6
- 2023RoSI: Recovering 3D Shape Interiors from Few Articulation Imagescited by 6
- 2023Polygon Detection for Room Layout Estimation using Heterogeneous Graphs and Wireframescited by 6
- 2023PlaneRecTR++: Unified Query Learning for Joint 3D Planar Reconstruction and Pose Estimationcited by 6
- 2024MonoSelfRecon: Purely Self-Supervised Explicit Generalizable 3D Reconstruction of Indoor Scenes from Monocular RGB Viewscited by 6
- 2024AlphaTablets: A Generic Plane Representation for 3D Planar Reconstruction from Monocular Videoscited by 6
- 2024Planar Gaussian Splattingcited by 6
- 2025Towards In-the-wild 3D Plane Reconstruction from a Single Imagecited by 6
- 2023PlanarNeRF: Online Learning of Planar Primitives with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 5
- 2025PLANA3R: Zero-shot Metric Planar 3D Reconstruction via Feed-Forward Planar Splattingcited by 5
- 2022MCTS with Refinement for Proposals Selection Games in Scene Understandingcited by 4
- 2022Learning Continuous Implicit Representation for Near-Periodic Patternscited by 4
- 2024UniPlane: Unified Plane Detection and Reconstruction from Posed Monocular Videoscited by 3
- 2025Unposed Sparse Views Room Layout Reconstruction in the Age of Pretrain Modelcited by 3
- 2023P2SDF for Neural Indoor Scene Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2023Learning to Predict Scene-Level Implicit 3D from Posed RGBD Datacited by 2
- 2023X-PDNet: Accurate Joint Plane Instance Segmentation and Monocular Depth Estimation with Cross-Task Distillation and Boundary Correctioncited by 2
- 2024MonoPlane: Exploiting Monocular Geometric Cues for Generalizable 3D Plane Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025PixCuboid: Room Layout Estimation from Multi-view Featuremetric Alignmentcited by 2
- 20233D detection of roof sections from a single satellite image and application to LOD2-building reconstructioncited by 1
- 2024Neural Mesh Fusion: Unsupervised 3D Planar Surface Understandingcited by 1
- 2025Self-supervised Latent Space Optimization with Nebula Variational Codingcited by 1
- 2025LighthouseGS: Indoor Structure-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Panorama-Style Mobile Capturescited by 1
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mappingcited by 1
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026PlanaReLoc: Camera Relocalization in 3D Planar Primitives via Region-Based Structure Matching21 Mar 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2025PLANA3R: Zero-shot Metric Planar 3D Reconstruction via Feed-Forward Planar Splatting21 Oct 2025
- 2025Plane Detection and Ranking via Model Information Optimization13 Aug 2025
- 2025PixCuboid: Room Layout Estimation from Multi-view Featuremetric Alignment6 Aug 2025
- 2025LighthouseGS: Indoor Structure-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Panorama-Style Mobile Captures8 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards In-the-wild 3D Plane Reconstruction from a Single Image3 Jun 2025
- 2025Self-supervised Latent Space Optimization with Nebula Variational Coding2 Jun 2025
- 2025Unposed Sparse Views Room Layout Reconstruction in the Age of Pretrain Model24 Feb 2025
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutes4 Dec 2024
- 2024Planar Gaussian Splatting2 Dec 2024
38 more
- 2024AlphaTablets: A Generic Plane Representation for 3D Planar Reconstruction from Monocular Videos29 Nov 2024
- 2024MonoPlane: Exploiting Monocular Geometric Cues for Generalizable 3D Plane Reconstruction2 Nov 2024
- 2024PlaneSAM: Multimodal Plane Instance Segmentation Using the Segment Anything Model21 Oct 2024
- 2024UniPlane: Unified Plane Detection and Reconstruction from Posed Monocular Videos4 Jul 2024
- 2024AirPlanes: Accurate Plane Estimation via 3D-Consistent Embeddings13 Jun 2024
- 2024MonoSelfRecon: Purely Self-Supervised Explicit Generalizable 3D Reconstruction of Indoor Scenes from Monocular RGB Views10 Apr 2024
- 2024Neural Mesh Fusion: Unsupervised 3D Planar Surface Understanding26 Feb 2024
- 2023PlanarNeRF: Online Learning of Planar Primitives with Neural Radiance Fields30 Dec 2023
- 2023Geometrically-driven Aggregation for Zero-shot 3D Point Cloud Understanding4 Dec 2023
- 2023Multi-task Planar Reconstruction with Feature Warping Guidance25 Nov 2023
- 2023X-PDNet: Accurate Joint Plane Instance Segmentation and Monocular Depth Estimation with Cross-Task Distillation and Boundary Correction15 Sep 2023
- 2023Dataset Condensation via Generative Model14 Sep 2023
- 2023PlaneRecTR++: Unified Query Learning for Joint 3D Planar Reconstruction and Pose Estimation25 Jul 2023
- 20233D detection of roof sections from a single satellite image and application to LOD2-building reconstruction11 Jul 2023
- 2023Polygon Detection for Room Layout Estimation using Heterogeneous Graphs and Wireframes21 Jun 2023
- 2023Learning to Predict Scene-Level Implicit 3D from Posed RGBD Data14 Jun 2023
- 2023RoSI: Recovering 3D Shape Interiors from Few Articulation Images13 Apr 2023
- 2023iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimation13 Apr 2023
- 2023Structural Multiplane Image: Bridging Neural View Synthesis and 3D Reconstruction10 Mar 2023
- 2023P2SDF for Neural Indoor Scene Reconstruction1 Mar 2023
- 2023PC2: Projection-Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstruction21 Feb 2023
- 2022Framework for 2D Ad placements in LinearTV5 Dec 2022
- 2022NOPE-SAC: Neural One-Plane RANSAC for Sparse-View Planar 3D Reconstruction30 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning Continuous Implicit Representation for Near-Periodic Patterns25 Aug 2022
- 2022PlaneFormers: From Sparse View Planes to 3D Reconstruction8 Aug 2022
- 2022MCTS with Refinement for Proposals Selection Games in Scene Understanding7 Jul 2022
- 2022PlanarRecon: Real-time 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction from Posed Monocular Videos15 Jun 2022
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction1 Jun 2022
- 2022NeurMiPs: Neural Mixture of Planar Experts for View Synthesis28 Apr 2022
- 2022P3Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation with a Piecewise Planarity Prior5 Apr 2022
- 2022Understanding 3D Object Articulation in Internet Videos30 Mar 2022
- 2022PlaneMVS: 3D Plane Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereo22 Mar 2022
- 2021PlaneRecNet: Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Consistency for Piece-Wise Plane Detection and Reconstruction from a Single RGB Image21 Oct 2021
- 2021PLNet: Plane and Line Priors for Unsupervised Indoor Depth Estimation12 Oct 2021
- 2021StructDepth: Leveraging the structural regularities for self-supervised indoor depth estimation19 Aug 2021
- 2021Structured Outdoor Architecture Reconstruction by Exploration and Classification18 Aug 2021
- 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recovery27 Jul 2021
- 2021Indoor Panorama Planar 3D Reconstruction via Divide and Conquer27 Jun 2021
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2022MonoSDF: Exploring Monocular Geometric Cues for Neural Implicit Surface Reconstructioncited by 470
- 2022P3Depth: Monocular Depth Estimation with a Piecewise Planarity Priorcited by 107
- 2023PC2: Projection-Conditioned Point Cloud Diffusion for Single-Image 3D Reconstructioncited by 84
- 2023iDisc: Internal Discretization for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 73
- 2021Planar Surface Reconstruction from Sparse Viewscited by 40
- 2021HPNet: Deep Primitive Segmentation Using Hybrid Representationscited by 36
- 2021StructDepth: Leveraging the structural regularities for self-supervised indoor depth estimationcited by 36
- 2022Understanding 3D Object Articulation in Internet Videoscited by 36
- 2021PlaneTR: Structure-Guided Transformers for 3D Plane Recoverycited by 33
- 2022PlaneMVS: 3D Plane Reconstruction from Multi-View Stereocited by 29
- 2022PlanarRecon: Real-time 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction from Posed Monocular Videoscited by 27
- 2022PlaneFormers: From Sparse View Planes to 3D Reconstructioncited by 26
12 most cited of 55 All 55 (JSON)
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026PlanaReLoc: Camera Relocalization in 3D Planar Primitives via Region-Based Structure Matching21 Mar 2026
- 2026Interacted Planes Reveal 3D Line Mapping1 Feb 2026
- 2025PLANA3R: Zero-shot Metric Planar 3D Reconstruction via Feed-Forward Planar Splatting21 Oct 2025
- 2025Plane Detection and Ranking via Model Information Optimization13 Aug 2025
- 2025PixCuboid: Room Layout Estimation from Multi-view Featuremetric Alignment6 Aug 2025
- 2025LighthouseGS: Indoor Structure-aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Panorama-Style Mobile Captures8 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards In-the-wild 3D Plane Reconstruction from a Single Image3 Jun 2025
- 2025Self-supervised Latent Space Optimization with Nebula Variational Coding2 Jun 2025
- 2025Unposed Sparse Views Room Layout Reconstruction in the Age of Pretrain Model24 Feb 2025
- 2024PlanarSplatting: Accurate Planar Surface Reconstruction in 3 Minutes4 Dec 2024
- 2024Planar Gaussian Splatting2 Dec 2024
12 newest of 55 All 55 (JSON)