Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Entropy-Regularized Data-Free Replay
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Abstract (arXiv)
Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) has been proposed aiming to enable a deep learning system to incrementally learn new classes with limited data. Recently, a pioneer claims that the commonly used replay-based method in class-incremental learning (CIL) is ineffective and thus not preferred for FSCIL. This has, if truth, a significant influence on the fields of FSCIL. In this paper, we show through empirical results that adopting the data replay is surprisingly favorable. However, storing and replaying old data can lead to a privacy concern. To address this issue, we alternatively propose using data-free replay that can synthesize data by a generator without accessing real data. In observing the the effectiveness of uncertain data for knowledge distillation, we impose entropy regularization in the generator training to encourage more uncertain examples. Moreover, we propose to relabel the generated data with one-hot-like labels. This modification allows the network to learn by solely minimizing the cross-entropy loss, which mitigates the problem of balancing different objectives in the conventional knowledge distillation approach. Finally, we show extensive experimental results and analysis on CIFAR-100, miniImageNet and CUB-200 to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed one.
Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jul 2022.
Builds on
22 of 32 references.
References · 22
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,313
- 2020Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learningcited by 2,282
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,048
- 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,152
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 596
- 2019Dreaming to Distill: Data-free Knowledge Transfer via DeepInversioncited by 419
- 2020Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 249
10 more
- 2019Data-Free Learning of Student Networkscited by 203
- 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 184
- 2021Self-Supervised Models are Continual Learnerscited by 149
- 2021Comparing Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Mean Squared Error Loss in Knowledge Distillationcited by 131
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
- 2019Zero-shot Knowledge Transfer via Adversarial Belief Matchingcited by 129
- 2021Self-Promoted Prototype Refinement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 95
- 2020GAN Memory with No Forgettingcited by 84
- 2021Self-supervised Spatiotemporal Representation Learning by Exploiting Video Continuitycited by 22
- 2021Memory-Free Generative Replay For Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 19; 2024: 23; 2025: 19; 2026: 6.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 112
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 86
- 2023Learning with Fantasy: Semantic-Aware Virtual Contrastive Constraint for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 55
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 52
- 2022Meta-DMoE: Adapting to Domain Shift by Meta-Distillation from Mixture-of-Expertscited by 50
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023MetaGCD: Learning to Continually Learn in Generalized Category Discoverycited by 40
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2023Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for Classification and Object Detection: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
38 more
- 2024Adapting to Distribution Shift by Visual Domain Prompt Generationcited by 23
- 2024Generative Multi-modal Models are Good Class-Incremental Learnerscited by 22
- 2024Select and Distill: Selective Dual-Teacher Knowledge Transfer for Continual Learning on Vision-Language Modelscited by 19
- 2023Uncertainty-Aware Distillation for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 16
- 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
- 2025Learning to Adapt Frozen CLIP for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptationcited by 14
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourselfcited by 13
- 2024Distribution Alignment for Fully Test-Time Adaptation with Dynamic Online Data Streamscited by 13
- 2024How to Train the Teacher Model for Effective Knowledge Distillationcited by 13
- 2024Learning Prompt with Distribution-Based Feature Replay for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 12
- 2025Plug-in Feedback Self-adaptive Attention in CLIP for Training-free Open-Vocabulary Segmentationcited by 12
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 11
- 2024Contrastive Augmented Graph2Graph Memory Interaction for Few Shot Continual Learningcited by 7
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2023Semantic-visual Guided Transformer for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 6
- 2024Vision-Language Navigation with Continual Learningcited by 6
- 2022Improving ProtoNet for Few-Shot Video Object Recognition: Winner of ORBIT Challenge 2022cited by 5
- 2023Continual Learning: Forget-free Winning Subnetworks for Video Representationscited by 5
- 2024Delve into Base-Novel Confusion: Redundancy Exploration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 5
- 2024Towards Few-Shot Learning in the Open World: A Review and Beyondcited by 5
- 2023Forget-free Continual Learning with Soft-Winning SubNetworkscited by 4
- 2023Image-Object-Specific Prompt Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2025Online time series prediction using feature adjustmentcited by 4
- 2023Remind of the Past: Incremental Learning with Analogical Promptscited by 3
- 2025DocTTT: Test-Time Training for Handwritten Document Recognition Using Meta-Auxiliary Learningcited by 3
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 3
- 2025Learn by Reasoning: Analogical Weight Generation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 3
- 2023MASIL: Towards Maximum Separable Class Representation for Few Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024A Bag of Tricks for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024Data-Efficient and Robust Task Selection for Meta-Learningcited by 2
- 2024Covariance-based Space Regularization for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025MetaWriter: Personalized Handwritten Text Recognition Using Meta-Learned Prompt Tuningcited by 2
- 2025Tripartite Weight-Space Ensemble for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2023Balanced Supervised Contrastive Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024PL-FSCIL: Harnessing the Power of Prompts for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026FeDMRA: Federated Incremental Learning with Dynamic Memory Replay Allocation30 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning through Creation: A Hash-Free Framework for On-the-Fly Category Discovery14 Mar 2026
- 2026TALON: Test-time Adaptive Learning for On-the-Fly Category Discovery9 Mar 2026
- 2026CD^2: Constrained Dataset Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025Breaking Forgetting: Training-Free Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Conditional Diffusion23 Nov 2025
- 2025Online time series prediction using feature adjustment4 Sep 2025
- 2025Plug-in Feedback Self-adaptive Attention in CLIP for Training-free Open-Vocabulary Segmentation27 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation and Dynamic Self-Supervised Learning for Continual Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning to Adapt Frozen CLIP for Few-Shot Test-Time Domain Adaptation18 Jun 2025
- 2025Tripartite Weight-Space Ensemble for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning4 Jun 2025
- 2025MetaWriter: Personalized Handwritten Text Recognition Using Meta-Learned Prompt Tuning26 May 2025
- 2025Partitioned Memory Storage Inspired Few-Shot Class-Incremental learning29 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Synthetic Replays: Turning Diffusion Features into Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Knowledge30 Mar 2025
- 2025Learn by Reasoning: Analogical Weight Generation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning27 Mar 2025
- 2025Knowledge Graph Enhanced Generative Multi-modal Models for Class-Incremental Learning24 Mar 2025
- 2025FeNeC: Enhancing Continual Learning via Feature Clustering with Neighbor- or Logit-Based Classification18 Mar 2025
- 2025Brain-inspired analogical mixture prototypes for few-shot class-incremental learning26 Feb 2025
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning12 Feb 2025
- 2025DocTTT: Test-Time Training for Handwritten Document Recognition Using Meta-Auxiliary Learning22 Jan 2025
- 2025Continuous Knowledge-Preserving Decomposition with Adaptive Layer Selection for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning9 Jan 2025
- 2024AnchorInv: Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning of Physiological Signals via Representation Space Guided Inversion18 Dec 2024
- 2024Covariance-based Space Regularization for Few-shot Class Incremental Learning2 Nov 2024
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Non-IID Decentralized Data18 Sep 2024
- 2024Vision-Language Navigation with Continual Learning4 Sep 2024
- 2024Continual Gesture Learning without Data via Synthetic Feature Sampling21 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Few-Shot Learning in the Open World: A Review and Beyond19 Aug 2024
- 2024How to Train the Teacher Model for Effective Knowledge Distillation25 Jul 2024
- 2024Distribution Alignment for Fully Test-Time Adaptation with Dynamic Online Data Streams16 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourself10 Jul 2024
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Jul 2024
- 2024Data-Efficient and Robust Task Selection for Meta-Learning11 May 2024
- 2024Delve into Base-Novel Confusion: Redundancy Exploration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 May 2024
- 2024Adapting to Distribution Shift by Visual Domain Prompt Generation5 May 2024
- 2024Few Shot Class Incremental Learning using Vision-Language models2 May 2024
- 2024Generative Multi-modal Models are Good Class-Incremental Learners27 Mar 2024
- 2024A Bag of Tricks for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning21 Mar 2024
- 2024Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning17 Mar 2024
- 2024Select and Distill: Selective Dual-Teacher Knowledge Transfer for Continual Learning on Vision-Language Models14 Mar 2024
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning13 Mar 2024
- 2024Contrastive Augmented Graph2Graph Memory Interaction for Few Shot Continual Learning7 Mar 2024
- 2024PL-FSCIL: Harnessing the Power of Prompts for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning26 Jan 2024
- 2024Learning Prompt with Distribution-Based Feature Replay for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning3 Jan 2024
- 2023Continual Learning: Forget-free Winning Subnetworks for Video Representations19 Dec 2023
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomy16 Dec 2023
50 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 860
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 112
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 86
- 2023Learning with Fantasy: Semantic-Aware Virtual Contrastive Constraint for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 55
- 2024Consistent Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 52
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023MetaGCD: Learning to Continually Learn in Generalized Category Discoverycited by 40
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2023Few-shot Class-incremental Learning for Classification and Object Detection: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
- 2023DFIL: Deepfake Incremental Learning by Exploiting Domain-invariant Forgery Cluescited by 23
- 2024Adapting to Distribution Shift by Visual Domain Prompt Generationcited by 23
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026FeDMRA: Federated Incremental Learning with Dynamic Memory Replay Allocation30 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning through Creation: A Hash-Free Framework for On-the-Fly Category Discovery14 Mar 2026
- 2026TALON: Test-time Adaptive Learning for On-the-Fly Category Discovery9 Mar 2026
- 2026CD^2: Constrained Dataset Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025Breaking Forgetting: Training-Free Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Conditional Diffusion23 Nov 2025
- 2025Online time series prediction using feature adjustment4 Sep 2025
- 2025Plug-in Feedback Self-adaptive Attention in CLIP for Training-free Open-Vocabulary Segmentation27 Aug 2025
- 2025Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation and Dynamic Self-Supervised Learning for Continual Learning18 Aug 2025
- 2025DSS-Prompt: Dynamic-Static Synergistic Prompting for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)