mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Data-Free Learning of Student Networks

arXiv 1904.01186 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2019cs.LG cs.CV stat.MLcited by 203

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Abstract (arXiv)

Learning portable neural networks is very essential for computer vision for the purpose that pre-trained heavy deep models can be well applied on edge devices such as mobile phones and micro sensors. Most existing deep neural network compression and speed-up methods are very effective for training compact deep models, when we can directly access the training dataset. However, training data for the given deep network are often unavailable due to some practice problems (e.g. privacy, legal issue, and transmission), and the architecture of the given network are also unknown except some interfaces. To this end, we propose a novel framework for training efficient deep neural networks by exploiting generative adversarial networks (GANs). To be specific, the pre-trained teacher networks are regarded as a fixed discriminator and the generator is utilized for derivating training samples which can obtain the maximum response on the discriminator. Then, an efficient network with smaller model size and computational complexity is trained using the generated data and the teacher network, simultaneously. Efficient student networks learned using the proposed Data-Free Learning (DAFL) method achieve 92.22% and 74.47% accuracies using ResNet-18 without any training data on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, respectively. Meanwhile, our student network obtains an 80.56% accuracy on the CelebA benchmark.

Key facts. Cited by 203 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 44; 2022: 32; 2023: 47; 2024: 45; 2025: 21; 2026: 14.

203 papers.

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  1. 2021A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inferencecited by 798
  2. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Test-Time Adaptation under Distribution Shiftscited by 353
  3. 2021See through Gradients: Image Batch Recovery via GradInversioncited by 320
  4. 2022Fine-tuning Global Model via Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Non-IID Federated Learningcited by 172
  5. 2022Fake it till you make it: Learning transferable representations from synthetic ImageNet clonescited by 171
  6. 2021Source-Free Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 168
  7. 2022Knowledge Distillation with the Reused Teacher Classifiercited by 140
  8. 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
  9. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Source-free Domain Adaptationcited by 104
  10. 2021Domain Impression: A Source Data Free Domain Adaptation Methodcited by 91
  11. 2022Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Entropy-Regularized Data-Free Replaycited by 70
  12. 2021Contrastive Model Inversion for Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 66
38 more
  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 66
  2. 2022DearKD: Data-Efficient Early Knowledge Distillation for Vision Transformerscited by 65
  3. 2022Towards Data-Free Model Stealing in a Hard Label Settingcited by 57
  4. 2022GradViT: Gradient Inversion of Vision Transformerscited by 52
  5. 2021Graph-Free Knowledge Distillation for Graph Neural Networkscited by 46
  6. 2021Deep Learning for HDR Imaging: State-of-the-Art and Future Trendscited by 45
  7. 2021Zero-shot Adversarial Quantizationcited by 44
  8. 2024A Survey on Transformer Compressioncited by 44
  9. 2023A Data-Free Approach to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting in Federated Class Incremental Learning for Vision Taskscited by 41
  10. 2021Qimera: Data-free Quantization with Synthetic Boundary Supporting Samplescited by 39
  11. 2021Zero-Shot Knowledge Distillation from a Decision-Based Black-Box Modelcited by 37
  12. 2021Undistillable: Making A Nasty Teacher That CANNOT teach studentscited by 36
  13. 2022Robust and Resource-Efficient Data-Free Knowledge Distillation by Generative Pseudo Replaycited by 35
  14. 2024Evaluations of Machine Learning Privacy Defenses are Misleadingcited by 35
  15. 2021Visualizing Adapted Knowledge in Domain Transfercited by 32
  16. 2021Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting and Distribution Mismatch in Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Datacited by 32
  17. 2021Mosaicking to Distill: Knowledge Distillation from Out-of-Domain Datacited by 31
  18. 2021Data-Free Knowledge Transfer: A Surveycited by 31
  19. 2022Momentum Adversarial Distillation: Handling Large Distribution Shifts in Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 31
  20. 2022Learning with Recoverable Forgettingcited by 29
  21. 2023Learning to Retain while Acquiring: Combating Distribution-Shift in Adversarial Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 29
  22. 2023Propagating Knowledge Updates to LMs Through Distillationcited by 28
  23. 2024Enhancing One-Shot Federated Learning Through Data and Ensemble Co-Boostingcited by 27
  24. 2024FedTAD: Topology-aware Data-free Knowledge Distillation for Subgraph Federated Learningcited by 27
  25. 2023Federated Domain Generalization: A Surveycited by 25
  26. 2021Source-free unsupervised domain adaptation for cross-modality abdominal multi-organ segmentationcited by 23
  27. 2023DFRD: Data-Free Robustness Distillation for Heterogeneous Federated Learningcited by 23
  28. 2024Diffusion-Driven Data Replay: A Novel Approach to Combat Forgetting in Federated Class Continual Learningcited by 23
  29. 2022Spot-adaptive Knowledge Distillationcited by 22
  30. 2023FedLPA: One-shot Federated Learning with Layer-Wise Posterior Aggregationcited by 22
  31. 2023Is Synthetic Data From Diffusion Models Ready for Knowledge Distillation?cited by 21
  32. 2023A Survey of What to Share in Federated Learning: Perspectives on Model Utility, Privacy Leakage, and Communication Efficiencycited by 21
  33. 2024DKDM: Data-Free Knowledge Distillation for Diffusion Models with Any Architecturecited by 21
  34. 2024Small Scale Data-Free Knowledge Distillationcited by 20
  35. 2021Integer-only Zero-shot Quantization for Efficient Speech Recognitioncited by 19
  36. 2024Active Data Curation Effectively Distills Large-Scale Multimodal Modelscited by 19
  37. 2024Differentially Private Knowledge Distillation via Synthetic Text Generationcited by 18
  38. 2021AutoReCon: Neural Architecture Search-based Reconstruction for Data-free Compressioncited by 17

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