Multi-View Depth Estimation by Fusing Single-View Depth Probability with Multi-View Geometry
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multi-view depth estimation methods typically require the computation of a multi-view cost-volume, which leads to huge memory consumption and slow inference. Furthermore, multi-view matching can fail for texture-less surfaces, reflective surfaces and moving objects. For such failure modes, single-view depth estimation methods are often more reliable. To this end, we propose MaGNet, a novel framework for fusing single-view depth probability with multi-view geometry, to improve the accuracy, robustness and efficiency of multi-view depth estimation. For each frame, MaGNet estimates a single-view depth probability distribution, parameterized as a pixel-wise Gaussian. The distribution estimated for the reference frame is then used to sample per-pixel depth candidates. Such probabilistic sampling enables the network to achieve higher accuracy while evaluating fewer depth candidates. We also propose depth consistency weighting for the multi-view matching score, to ensure that the multi-view depth is consistent with the single-view predictions. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on ScanNet, 7-Scenes and KITTI. Qualitative evaluation demonstrates that our method is more robust against challenging artifacts such as texture-less/reflective surfaces and moving objects. Our code and model weights are available at https://github.com/baegwangbin/MaGNet.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2021.
Builds on
52 of 69 references.
References · 52
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- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,274
- 2015Fast and Accurate Deep Network Learning by Exponential Linear Units (ELUs)cited by 1,070
38 more
- 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
- 2018MVSNet: Depth Inference for Unstructured Multi-view Stereocited by 788
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 782
- 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 723
- 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 601
- 2018Pyramid Stereo Matching Networkcited by 489
- 2014Predicting Depth, Surface Normals and Semantic Labels with a Common Multi-Scale Convolutional Architecturecited by 483
- 2019Cascade Cost Volume for High-Resolution Multi-View Stereo and Stereo Matchingcited by 417
- 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 403
- 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 382
- 2018DeepMVS: Learning Multi-view Stereopsiscited by 277
- 2019Recurrent MVSNet for High-resolution Multi-view Stereo Depth Inferencecited by 254
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 234
- 2018Competitive Collaboration: Joint Unsupervised Learning of Depth, Camera Motion, Optical Flow and Motion Segmentationcited by 222
- 2017Super-Convergence: Very Fast Training of Neural Networks Using Large Learning Ratescited by 199
- 2018DeepV2D: Video to Depth with Differentiable Structure from Motioncited by 185
- 2018Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Monocular Video Using 3D Geometric Constraintscited by 179
- 2019Depth from Videos in the Wild: Unsupervised Monocular Depth Learning from Unknown Camerascited by 170
- 2017Learning Depth from Monocular Videos using Direct Methodscited by 154
- 2019Cost Volume Pyramid Based Depth Inference for Multi-View Stereocited by 154
- 2019Deep Stereo using Adaptive Thin Volume Representation with Uncertainty Awarenesscited by 151
- 2019Point-Based Multi-View Stereo Networkcited by 147
- 2020Feature-metric Loss for Self-supervised Learning of Depth and Egomotioncited by 140
- 2019DPSNet: End-to-end Deep Plane Sweep Stereocited by 115
- 2019DeepPruner: Learning Efficient Stereo Matching via Differentiable PatchMatchcited by 114
- 2014Deep Convolutional Neural Fields for Depth Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 106
- 2020Fast-MVSNet: Sparse-to-Dense Multi-View Stereo With Learned Propagation and Gauss-Newton Refinementcited by 105
- 2016Estimating Depth from Monocular Images as Classification Using Deep Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 91
- 2019Neural RGB->D Sensing: Depth and Uncertainty from a Video Cameracited by 69
- 2019Learning monocular depth estimation infusing traditional stereo knowledgecited by 64
- 2018MVDepthNet: Real-time Multiview Depth Estimation Neural Networkcited by 59
- 2020Multi-view Depth Estimation using Epipolar Spatio-Temporal Networkscited by 59
- 2019Refine and Distill: Exploiting Cycle-Inconsistency and Knowledge Distillation for Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 49
- 2019Normal Assisted Stereo Depth Estimationcited by 49
- 2018LEGO: Learning Edge with Geometry all at Once by Watching Videoscited by 47
- 2019Bilateral Cyclic Constraint and Adaptive Regularization for Unsupervised Monocular Depth Predictioncited by 44
- 2020Occlusion-Aware Depth Estimation with Adaptive Normal Constraintscited by 41
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Geometry with Edge-aware Depth-Normal Consistencycited by 40
50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 10; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
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- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 572
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 286
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
- 2022BEVStereo: Enhancing Depth Estimation in Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Dynamic Temporal Stereocited by 90
- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detectioncited by 53
- 2024Adaptive Fusion of Single-View and Multi-View Depth for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2024Cross-View Completion Models are Zero-shot Correspondence Estimatorscited by 30
- 2023D-IF: Uncertainty-aware Human Digitization via Implicit Distribution Fieldcited by 26
- 2023Learning to Fuse Monocular and Multi-view Cues for Multi-frame Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenescited by 25
- 2023PanoGRF: Generalizable Spherical Radiance Fields for Wide-baseline Panoramascited by 22
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34 more
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- 2022Crafting Monocular Cues and Velocity Guidance for Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Depth Learningcited by 12
- 2022SfM-TTR: Using Structure from Motion for Test-Time Refinement of Single-View Depth Networkscited by 10
- 2023IMP: Iterative Matching and Pose Estimation with Adaptive Poolingcited by 10
- 2024M2Depth: Self-supervised Two-Frame Multi-camera Metric Depth Estimationcited by 10
- 2025Diving into the Fusion of Monocular Priors for Generalized Stereo Matchingcited by 10
- 2022GeoRefine: Self-Supervised Online Depth Refinement for Accurate Dense Mappingcited by 8
- 2023Multi-task learning with cross-task consistency for improved depth estimation in colonoscopycited by 8
- 2024MVSDet: Multi-View Indoor 3D Object Detection via Efficient Plane Sweepscited by 7
- 2025OpenM3D: Open Vocabulary Multi-view Indoor 3D Object Detection without Human Annotationscited by 7
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Imagescited by 6
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- 2024TempBEV: Improving Learned BEV Encoders with Combined Image and BEV Space Temporal Aggregationcited by 5
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- 2024Adaptive Stereo Depth Estimation with Multi-Spectral Images Across All Lighting Conditionscited by 2
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- 2023GSDC Transformer: An Efficient and Effective Cue Fusion for Monocular Multi-Frame Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2025EndoLRMGS: Complete Endoscopic Scene Reconstruction combining Large Reconstruction Modelling and Gaussian Splattingcited by 1
- 2025Aerial Multi-View Stereo via Adaptive Depth Range Inference and Normal Cuescited by 1
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensingcited by 1
- 2023Deep Planar Parallax for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2023Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Environment via Context-aware Temporal Attentioncited by 0
- 2023EAR-Net: Pursuing End-to-End Absolute Rotations from Multi-View Imagescited by 0
- 2026Vision-Language Models for Ergonomic Assessment of Manual Lifting Tasks: Estimating Horizontal and Vertical Hand Distances from RGB Videocited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunitiescited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026UFO-4D: Unposed Feedforward 4D Reconstruction from Two Images27 Feb 2026
- 2026Vision-Language Models for Ergonomic Assessment of Manual Lifting Tasks: Estimating Horizontal and Vertical Hand Distances from RGB Video24 Feb 2026
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensing23 Sep 2025
- 2025OpenM3D: Open Vocabulary Multi-view Indoor 3D Object Detection without Human Annotations27 Aug 2025
- 2025BridgeDepth: Bridging Monocular and Stereo Reasoning with Latent Alignment6 Aug 2025
- 2025Robust 3D Object Detection using Probabilistic Point Clouds from Single-Photon LiDARs31 Jul 2025
- 2025Aerial Multi-View Stereo via Adaptive Depth Range Inference and Normal Cues6 Jun 2025
- 2025Diving into the Fusion of Monocular Priors for Generalized Stereo Matching20 May 2025
- 2025EndoLRMGS: Complete Endoscopic Scene Reconstruction combining Large Reconstruction Modelling and Gaussian Splatting28 Mar 2025
- 2025CL-MVSNet: Unsupervised Multi-view Stereo with Dual-level Contrastive Learning11 Mar 2025
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priors15 Jan 2025
34 more
- 2024RoMeO: Robust Metric Visual Odometry16 Dec 2024
- 2024Cross-View Completion Models are Zero-shot Correspondence Estimators12 Dec 2024
- 2024Adaptive Stereo Depth Estimation with Multi-Spectral Images Across All Lighting Conditions6 Nov 2024
- 2024MVSDet: Multi-View Indoor 3D Object Detection via Efficient Plane Sweeps28 Oct 2024
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depth17 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning-based Multi-View Stereo: A Survey27 Aug 2024
- 2024MAIR++: Improving Multi-view Attention Inverse Rendering with Implicit Lighting Representation13 Aug 2024
- 2024M2Depth: Self-supervised Two-Frame Multi-camera Metric Depth Estimation3 May 2024
- 2024TempBEV: Improving Learned BEV Encoders with Combined Image and BEV Space Temporal Aggregation17 Apr 2024
- 2024Adaptive Fusion of Single-View and Multi-View Depth for Autonomous Driving12 Mar 2024
- 2023Multi-task learning with cross-task consistency for improved depth estimation in colonoscopy30 Nov 2023
- 2023Sparse Multi-Object Render-and-Compare17 Oct 2023
- 2023EAR-Net: Pursuing End-to-End Absolute Rotations from Multi-View Images16 Oct 2023
- 2023GSDC Transformer: An Efficient and Effective Cue Fusion for Monocular Multi-Frame Depth Estimation29 Sep 2023
- 2023ImGeoNet: Image-induced Geometry-aware Voxel Representation for Multi-view 3D Object Detection17 Aug 2023
- 2023D-IF: Uncertainty-aware Human Digitization via Implicit Distribution Field17 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning Feature Matching via Matchable Keypoint-Assisted Graph Neural Network4 Jul 2023
- 2023Predict to Detect: Prediction-guided 3D Object Detection using Sequential Images14 Jun 2023
- 2023PanoGRF: Generalizable Spherical Radiance Fields for Wide-baseline Panoramas2 Jun 2023
- 2023Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Environment via Context-aware Temporal Attention12 May 2023
- 2023IMP: Iterative Matching and Pose Estimation with Adaptive Pooling28 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning to Fuse Monocular and Multi-view Cues for Multi-frame Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenes18 Apr 2023
- 2023BEVStereo++: Accurate Depth Estimation in Multi-view 3D Object Detection via Dynamic Temporal Stereo9 Apr 2023
- 2023Cross-Dimensional Refined Learning for Real-Time 3D Visual Perception from Monocular Video16 Mar 2023
- 2023Deep Planar Parallax for Monocular Depth Estimation9 Jan 2023
- 2022SfM-TTR: Using Structure from Motion for Test-Time Refinement of Single-View Depth Networks24 Nov 2022
- 2022Towards 3D Object Detection with 2D Supervision15 Nov 2022
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detection5 Oct 2022
- 2022SPARC: Sparse Render-and-Compare for CAD model alignment in a single RGB image3 Oct 2022
- 2022BEVStereo: Enhancing Depth Estimation in Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Dynamic Temporal Stereo21 Sep 2022
- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detection22 Aug 2022
- 2022Crafting Monocular Cues and Velocity Guidance for Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Depth Learning19 Aug 2022
- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detection21 Jun 2022
- 2022GeoRefine: Self-Supervised Online Depth Refinement for Accurate Dense Mapping3 May 2022
- 2022BEVDepth: Acquisition of Reliable Depth for Multi-view 3D Object Detectioncited by 572
- 2024DepthSplat: Connecting Gaussian Splatting and Depthcited by 286
- 2022Time Will Tell: New Outlooks and A Baseline for Temporal Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 178
- 2022BEVStereo: Enhancing Depth Estimation in Multi-view 3D Object Detection with Dynamic Temporal Stereocited by 90
- 2022STS: Surround-view Temporal Stereo for Multi-view 3D Detectioncited by 53
- 2024Adaptive Fusion of Single-View and Multi-View Depth for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2024Cross-View Completion Models are Zero-shot Correspondence Estimatorscited by 30
- 2023D-IF: Uncertainty-aware Human Digitization via Implicit Distribution Fieldcited by 26
- 2023Learning to Fuse Monocular and Multi-view Cues for Multi-frame Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenescited by 25
- 2023PanoGRF: Generalizable Spherical Radiance Fields for Wide-baseline Panoramascited by 22
- 2022SPARC: Sparse Render-and-Compare for CAD model alignment in a single RGB imagecited by 19
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priorscited by 19
12 most cited of 45 All 45 (JSON)
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation from a Single Image: Progress and Opportunities1 Sep 2026
- 2026UFO-4D: Unposed Feedforward 4D Reconstruction from Two Images27 Feb 2026
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensing23 Sep 2025
- 2025OpenM3D: Open Vocabulary Multi-view Indoor 3D Object Detection without Human Annotations27 Aug 2025
- 2025BridgeDepth: Bridging Monocular and Stereo Reasoning with Latent Alignment6 Aug 2025
- 2025Robust 3D Object Detection using Probabilistic Point Clouds from Single-Photon LiDARs31 Jul 2025
- 2025Aerial Multi-View Stereo via Adaptive Depth Range Inference and Normal Cues6 Jun 2025
- 2025Diving into the Fusion of Monocular Priors for Generalized Stereo Matching20 May 2025
- 2025EndoLRMGS: Complete Endoscopic Scene Reconstruction combining Large Reconstruction Modelling and Gaussian Splatting28 Mar 2025
- 2025CL-MVSNet: Unsupervised Multi-view Stereo with Dual-level Contrastive Learning11 Mar 2025
- 2025MonSter++: Unified Stereo Matching, Multi-view Stereo, and Real-time Stereo with Monodepth Priors15 Jan 2025
- 2024RoMeO: Robust Metric Visual Odometry16 Dec 2024
12 newest of 45 All 45 (JSON)