Depth from Videos in the Wild: Unsupervised Monocular Depth Learning from Unknown Cameras
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a novel method for simultaneous learning of depth, egomotion, object motion, and camera intrinsics from monocular videos, using only consistency across neighboring video frames as supervision signal. Similarly to prior work, our method learns by applying differentiable warping to frames and comparing the result to adjacent ones, but it provides several improvements: We address occlusions geometrically and differentiably, directly using the depth maps as predicted during training. We introduce randomized layer normalization, a novel powerful regularizer, and we account for object motion relative to the scene. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to learn the camera intrinsic parameters, including lens distortion, from video in an unsupervised manner, thereby allowing us to extract accurate depth and motion from arbitrary videos of unknown origin at scale. We evaluate our results on the Cityscapes, KITTI and EuRoC datasets, establishing new state of the art on depth prediction and odometry, and demonstrate qualitatively that depth prediction can be learned from a collection of YouTube videos.
Key facts. Cited by 170 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 50; 2022: 40; 2023: 40; 2024: 27; 2025: 7; 2026: 6.
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- 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motioncited by 431
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022Depth-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Talking Head Video Generationcited by 177
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2023Towards Zero-Shot Scale-Aware Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 100
- 2022LocalBins: Improving Depth Estimation by Learning Local Distributionscited by 92
- 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
- 2022Multi-Frame Self-Supervised Depth with Transformerscited by 64
- 2021Unsupervised Depth Completion with Calibrated Backprojection Layerscited by 61
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 60
- 2021Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenes via Instance-Aware Projection Consistencycited by 58
- 2021Regularizing Nighttime Weirdness: Efficient Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Darkcited by 57
38 more
- 2021Fine-grained Semantics-aware Representation Enhancement for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 55
- 2021Factors of Influence for Transfer Learning across Diverse Appearance Domains and Task Typescited by 54
- 2022SC-DepthV3: Robust Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Scenescited by 50
- 2021Virtual Normal: Enforcing Geometric Constraints for Accurate and Robust Depth Predictioncited by 48
- 2022Disentangling Object Motion and Occlusion for Unsupervised Multi-frame Monocular Depthcited by 48
- 2021Multi-View Depth Estimation by Fusing Single-View Depth Probability with Multi-View Geometrycited by 46
- 2021Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for All Day Images using Domain Separationcited by 44
- 2021Toward Practical Monocular Indoor Depth Estimationcited by 42
- 2024EndoDAC: Efficient Adapting Foundation Model for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Any Endoscopic Cameracited by 42
- 2021Full Surround Monodepth from Multiple Camerascited by 41
- 2021Sparse Auxiliary Networks for Unified Monocular Depth Prediction and Completioncited by 39
- 2021MonoIndoor: Towards Good Practice of Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Indoor Environmentscited by 38
- 2021Single Image Depth Prediction with Wavelet Decompositioncited by 34
- 2021Geometric Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 33
- 2022PlaneDepth: Self-supervised Depth Estimation via Orthogonal Planescited by 32
- 2021PLADE-Net: Towards Pixel-Level Accuracy for Self-Supervised Single-View Depth Estimation with Neural Positional Encoding and Distilled Matting Losscited by 31
- 2022Learning Optical Flow, Depth, and Scene Flow without Real-World Labelscited by 31
- 2024Cross-View Completion Models are Zero-shot Correspondence Estimatorscited by 30
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2022MGNet: Monocular Geometric Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2025VGGT4D: Mining Motion Cues in Visual Geometry Transformers for 4D Scene Reconstructioncited by 26
- 2021SVDistNet: Self-Supervised Near-Field Distance Estimation on Surround View Fisheye Camerascited by 25
- 2021Improving Semi-Supervised and Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 25
- 2023Policy Pre-training for Autonomous Driving via Self-supervised Geometric Modelingcited by 25
- 2023Learning to Fuse Monocular and Multi-view Cues for Multi-frame Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenescited by 25
- 2021Attentive and Contrastive Learning for Joint Depth and Motion Field Estimationcited by 24
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2022DevNet: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Learning via Density Volume Constructioncited by 22
- 2023RM-Depth: Unsupervised Learning of Recurrent Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenescited by 22
- 2023Kick Back & Relax: Learning to Reconstruct the World by Watching SlowTVcited by 21
- 2023SQLdepth: Generalizable Self-Supervised Fine-Structured Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 21
- 2022Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation: Solving the Edge-Fattening Problemcited by 20
- 2023DaGAN++: Depth-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Talking Head Video Generationcited by 20
- 2023Dynamo-Depth: Fixing Unsupervised Depth Estimation for Dynamical Scenescited by 20
- 2021Improving 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Non-local Dense Prediction Transformer and Joint Supervised and Self-supervised Learningcited by 19
- 2022Transformers in Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Unknown Camera Intrinsicscited by 19
- 2023MACARONS: Mapping And Coverage Anticipation with RGB Online Self-Supervisioncited by 18
- 2023SimCol3D -- 3D Reconstruction during Colonoscopy Challengecited by 18
50 most cited of 170 All 170 (JSON)
- 2026Rolling Shutter Camera Self-Calibration2 Aug 2026
- 2026JEPADepth: Masked Predictive Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation29 Jul 2026
- 2026CalibAnyView: Beyond Single-View Camera Calibration in the Wild14 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026Rebalancing gradient to improve self-supervised co-training of depth, odometry and optical flow predictions8 May 2026
- 2026SS3D: End2End Self-Supervised 3D from Web Videos24 Apr 2026
- 2025VGGT4D: Mining Motion Cues in Visual Geometry Transformers for 4D Scene Reconstruction25 Nov 2025
- 2025EndoSfM3D: Learning to 3D Reconstruct Any Endoscopic Surgery Scene using Self-supervised Foundation Model25 Oct 2025
- 2025UM-Depth : Uncertainty Masked Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Visual Odometry17 Sep 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Depth3DLane: Fusing Monocular 3D Lane Detection with Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Jul 2025
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge24 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025Learning to Efficiently Adapt Foundation Models for Self-Supervised Endoscopic 3D Scene Reconstruction from Any Cameras20 Mar 2025
- 2024Cross-View Completion Models are Zero-shot Correspondence Estimators12 Dec 2024
- 2024On-Device Self-Supervised Learning of Low-Latency Monocular Depth from Only Events9 Dec 2024
- 2024DepthCues: Evaluating Monocular Depth Perception in Large Vision Models26 Nov 2024
- 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motion4 Oct 2024
- 2024FisheyeDepth: A Real Scale Self-Supervised Depth Estimation Model for Fisheye Camera23 Sep 2024
- 2024Human Insights Driven Latent Space for Different Driving Perspectives: A Unified Encoder for Efficient Multi-Task Inference16 Sep 2024
- 2024GRIN: Zero-Shot Metric Depth with Pixel-Level Diffusion15 Sep 2024
- 2024High-Precision Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Rich-Resource Prior1 Aug 2024
- 2024Revisit Self-supervised Depth Estimation with Local Structure-from-Motion27 Jul 2024
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditions23 Jul 2024
- 2024Mono-ViFI: A Unified Learning Framework for Self-supervised Single- and Multi-frame Monocular Depth Estimation19 Jul 2024
- 2024ProDepth: Boosting Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depth with Probabilistic Fusion12 Jul 2024
- 2024Indoor 3D Reconstruction with an Unknown Camera-Projector Pair2 Jul 2024
- 2024Back2Color: Domain-Adaptive Synthetic-to-Real Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Traffic Scenes11 Jun 2024
- 2024MambaDepth: Enhancing Long-range Dependency for Self-Supervised Fine-Structured Monocular Depth Estimation6 Jun 2024
- 2024MCDS-VSS: Moving Camera Dynamic Scene Video Semantic Segmentation by Filtering with Self-Supervised Geometry and Motion30 May 2024
- 2024PLEIADES: Building Temporal Kernels with Orthogonal Polynomials20 May 2024
- 2024EndoDAC: Efficient Adapting Foundation Model for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Any Endoscopic Camera14 May 2024
- 2024The Third Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge25 Apr 2024
- 2024Mining Supervision for Dynamic Regions in Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation23 Apr 2024
- 2024SPIdepth: Strengthened Pose Information for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Apr 2024
- 2024Adaptive Discrete Disparity Volume for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation4 Apr 2024
- 2024FlowDepth: Decoupling Optical Flow for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation28 Mar 2024
- 2024DO3D: Self-supervised Learning of Decomposed Object-aware 3D Motion and Depth from Monocular Videos9 Mar 2024
- 2024Kick Back & Relax++: Scaling Beyond Ground-Truth Depth with SlowTV & CribsTV3 Mar 2024
- 2024MAL: Motion-Aware Loss with Temporal and Distillation Hints for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation18 Feb 2024
- 2024Multiple Random Masking Autoencoder Ensembles for Robust Multimodal Semi-supervised Learning12 Feb 2024
- 2023Manydepth2: Motion-Aware Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in Dynamic Scenes23 Dec 2023
- 2023PPEA-Depth: Progressive Parameter-Efficient Adaptation for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation20 Dec 2023
- 2023From-Ground-To-Objects: Coarse-to-Fine Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Dynamic Objects with Ground Contact Prior15 Dec 2023
- 2023Continuous Pose for Monocular Cameras in Neural Implicit Representation28 Nov 2023
- 2023Continual Learning of Unsupervised Monocular Depth from Videos4 Nov 2023
- 2023Dynamo-Depth: Fixing Unsupervised Depth Estimation for Dynamical Scenes29 Oct 2023
- 2023XVO: Generalized Visual Odometry via Cross-Modal Self-Training28 Sep 2023
- 2023MoDA: Leveraging Motion Priors from Videos for Advancing Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Semantic Segmentation21 Sep 2023
- 2023Two-in-One Depth: Bridging the Gap Between Monocular and Binocular Self-supervised Depth Estimation2 Sep 2023
- 2023SQLdepth: Generalizable Self-Supervised Fine-Structured Monocular Depth Estimation1 Sep 2023
50 newest of 170 All 170 (JSON)
- 2024MonST3R: A Simple Approach for Estimating Geometry in the Presence of Motioncited by 431
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022Depth-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Talking Head Video Generationcited by 177
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2023Towards Zero-Shot Scale-Aware Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 100
- 2022LocalBins: Improving Depth Estimation by Learning Local Distributionscited by 92
- 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
- 2022Multi-Frame Self-Supervised Depth with Transformerscited by 64
- 2021Unsupervised Depth Completion with Calibrated Backprojection Layerscited by 61
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 60
- 2021Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenes via Instance-Aware Projection Consistencycited by 58
- 2021Regularizing Nighttime Weirdness: Efficient Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Darkcited by 57
12 most cited of 165 All 165 (JSON)
- 2026Rolling Shutter Camera Self-Calibration2 Aug 2026
- 2026JEPADepth: Masked Predictive Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation29 Jul 2026
- 2026CalibAnyView: Beyond Single-View Camera Calibration in the Wild14 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026Rebalancing gradient to improve self-supervised co-training of depth, odometry and optical flow predictions8 May 2026
- 2026SS3D: End2End Self-Supervised 3D from Web Videos24 Apr 2026
- 2025VGGT4D: Mining Motion Cues in Visual Geometry Transformers for 4D Scene Reconstruction25 Nov 2025
- 2025EndoSfM3D: Learning to 3D Reconstruct Any Endoscopic Surgery Scene using Self-supervised Foundation Model25 Oct 2025
- 2025UM-Depth : Uncertainty Masked Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Visual Odometry17 Sep 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Depth3DLane: Fusing Monocular 3D Lane Detection with Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation18 Jul 2025
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge24 Apr 2025
12 newest of 165 All 165 (JSON)