SOMA: Solving Optical Marker-Based MoCap Automatically
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Abstract (arXiv)
Marker-based optical motion capture (mocap) is the "gold standard" method for acquiring accurate 3D human motion in computer vision, medicine, and graphics. The raw output of these systems are noisy and incomplete 3D points or short tracklets of points. To be useful, one must associate these points with corresponding markers on the captured subject; i.e. "labelling". Given these labels, one can then "solve" for the 3D skeleton or body surface mesh. Commercial auto-labeling tools require a specific calibration procedure at capture time, which is not possible for archival data. Here we train a novel neural network called SOMA, which takes raw mocap point clouds with varying numbers of points, labels them at scale without any calibration data, independent of the capture technology, and requiring only minimal human intervention. Our key insight is that, while labeling point clouds is highly ambiguous, the 3D body provides strong constraints on the solution that can be exploited by a learning-based method. To enable learning, we generate massive training sets of simulated noisy and ground truth mocap markers animated by 3D bodies from AMASS. SOMA exploits an architecture with stacked self-attention elements to learn the spatial structure of the 3D body and an optimal transport layer to constrain the assignment (labeling) problem while rejecting outliers. We extensively evaluate SOMA both quantitatively and qualitatively. SOMA is more accurate and robust than existing state of the art research methods and can be applied where commercial systems cannot. We automatically label over 8 hours of archival mocap data across 4 different datasets captured using various technologies and output SMPL-X body models. The model and data is released for research purposes at https://soma.is.tue.mpg.de/.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2021.
Builds on
18 of 62 references.
References · 18
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
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- 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,290
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
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- 2018Computational Optimal Transportcited by 765
6 more
- 2015Multi-view Convolutional Neural Networks for 3D Shape Recognitioncited by 564
- 2020GRAB: A Dataset of Whole-Body Human Grasping of Objectscited by 397
- 2018Total Capture: A 3D Deformation Model for Tracking Faces, Hands, and Bodiescited by 239
- 2020MoVi: A Large Multipurpose Motion and Video Datasetcited by 58
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- 2019Auto-labelling of Markers in Optical Motion Capture by Permutation Learningcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 9; 2026: 7.
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- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
- 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 54
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
- 2025AnimateAnyMesh: A Feed-Forward 4D Foundation Model for Text-Driven Universal Mesh Animationcited by 31
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observationscited by 22
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motioncited by 21
- 2023SparsePoser: Real-time Full-body Motion Reconstruction from Sparse Datacited by 20
- 2024Ultra Inertial Poser: Scalable Motion Capture and Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensors and Ultra-Wideband Rangingcited by 18
- 2023HMD-NeMo: Online 3D Avatar Motion Generation From Sparse Observationscited by 17
- 2025PRIMAL: Physically Reactive and Interactive Motor Model for Avatar Learningcited by 13
- 2024SIMS: Simulating Stylized Human-Scene Interactions with Retrieval-Augmented Script Generationcited by 12
- 2025From Sparse Signal to Smooth Motion: Real-Time Motion Generation with Rolling Prediction Modelscited by 11
18 more
- 2025M4Human: A Large-Scale Multimodal mmWave Radar Benchmark for Human Mesh Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2023A Locality-based Neural Solver for Optical Motion Capturecited by 5
- 2024RoMo: A Robust Solver for Full-body Unlabeled Optical Motion Capturecited by 5
- 2024DragPoser: Motion Reconstruction from Variable Sparse Tracking Signals via Latent Space Optimizationcited by 3
- 2024Towards Unstructured Unlabeled Optical Mocap: A Video Helps!cited by 2
- 2026NymeriaPlus: Enriching Nymeria Dataset with Additional Annotations and Datacited by 2
- 2026RoMo: A Large-Scale, Richly Organized Dataset and Semantic Taxonomy for Human Motion Generationcited by 2
- 2025MMCM: Multimodality-aware Metric using Clustering-based Modes for Probabilistic Human Motion Predictioncited by 1
- 2023A Light-Weight Contrastive Approach for Aligning Human Pose Sequencescited by 0
- 2023Noise-in, Bias-out: Balanced and Real-time MoCap Solvingcited by 0
- 2025BiomechGPT: Extending Motion-Language Models to Clinical Motion Understandingcited by 0
- 2025L-SR1: Learned Symmetric-Rank-One Preconditioningcited by 0
- 2025End-to-End Motion Capture from Rigid Body Markers with Geodesic Losscited by 0
- 2026Garment Inertial Denoiser (GID): Endowing Accurate Motion Capture via Loose IMU Denoisercited by 0
- 2026DexterCap: An Affordable and Automated System for Capturing Dexterous Hand-Object Manipulationcited by 0
- 2026Human Pose Estimation in Trampoline Gymnastics: How to Improve Performance on Extreme Posescited by 0
- 2026Map-Mono-Ego: Map-Grounded Global Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Egocentric Videocited by 0
- 2026DirtyMoCap: Robust Motion Capture from Unconstrained Markerscited by 0
- 2026DirtyMoCap: Robust Motion Capture from Unconstrained Markers17 Sep 2026
- 2026RoMo: A Large-Scale, Richly Organized Dataset and Semantic Taxonomy for Human Motion Generation25 May 2026
- 2026Map-Mono-Ego: Map-Grounded Global Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Egocentric Video20 May 2026
- 2026Human Pose Estimation in Trampoline Gymnastics: How to Improve Performance on Extreme Poses1 Apr 2026
- 2026NymeriaPlus: Enriching Nymeria Dataset with Additional Annotations and Data19 Mar 2026
- 2026DexterCap: An Affordable and Automated System for Capturing Dexterous Hand-Object Manipulation9 Jan 2026
- 2026Garment Inertial Denoiser (GID): Endowing Accurate Motion Capture via Loose IMU Denoiser4 Jan 2026
- 2025M4Human: A Large-Scale Multimodal mmWave Radar Benchmark for Human Mesh Reconstruction13 Dec 2025
- 2025End-to-End Motion Capture from Rigid Body Markers with Geodesic Loss20 Nov 2025
- 2025MMCM: Multimodality-aware Metric using Clustering-based Modes for Probabilistic Human Motion Prediction19 Nov 2025
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motion18 Nov 2025
- 2025L-SR1: Learned Symmetric-Rank-One Preconditioning17 Aug 2025
18 more
- 2025AnimateAnyMesh: A Feed-Forward 4D Foundation Model for Text-Driven Universal Mesh Animation11 Jun 2025
- 2025BiomechGPT: Extending Motion-Language Models to Clinical Motion Understanding24 May 2025
- 2025From Sparse Signal to Smooth Motion: Real-Time Motion Generation with Rolling Prediction Models7 Apr 2025
- 2025PRIMAL: Physically Reactive and Interactive Motor Model for Avatar Learning21 Mar 2025
- 2024SIMS: Simulating Stylized Human-Scene Interactions with Retrieval-Augmented Script Generation29 Nov 2024
- 2024RoMo: A Robust Solver for Full-body Unlabeled Optical Motion Capture18 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards Unstructured Unlabeled Optical Mocap: A Video Helps!15 May 2024
- 2024Ultra Inertial Poser: Scalable Motion Capture and Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensors and Ultra-Wideband Ranging30 Apr 2024
- 2024DragPoser: Motion Reconstruction from Variable Sparse Tracking Signals via Latent Space Optimization29 Apr 2024
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observations6 Mar 2024
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligence7 Dec 2023
- 2023SparsePoser: Real-time Full-body Motion Reconstruction from Sparse Data3 Nov 2023
- 2023Noise-in, Bias-out: Balanced and Real-time MoCap Solving25 Sep 2023
- 2023A Locality-based Neural Solver for Optical Motion Capture1 Sep 2023
- 2023HMD-NeMo: Online 3D Avatar Motion Generation From Sparse Observations22 Aug 2023
- 2023A Light-Weight Contrastive Approach for Aligning Human Pose Sequences7 Mar 2023
- 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observations11 Mar 2022
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videos27 Dec 2021
- 2021SmoothNet: A Plug-and-Play Network for Refining Human Poses in Videoscited by 64
- 2022FLAG: Flow-based 3D Avatar Generation from Sparse Observationscited by 54
- 2023Digital Life Project: Autonomous 3D Characters with Social Intelligencecited by 43
- 2025AnimateAnyMesh: A Feed-Forward 4D Foundation Model for Text-Driven Universal Mesh Animationcited by 31
- 2024HMD-Poser: On-Device Real-time Human Motion Tracking from Scalable Sparse Observationscited by 22
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motioncited by 21
- 2023SparsePoser: Real-time Full-body Motion Reconstruction from Sparse Datacited by 20
- 2024Ultra Inertial Poser: Scalable Motion Capture and Tracking from Sparse Inertial Sensors and Ultra-Wideband Rangingcited by 18
- 2023HMD-NeMo: Online 3D Avatar Motion Generation From Sparse Observationscited by 17
- 2025PRIMAL: Physically Reactive and Interactive Motor Model for Avatar Learningcited by 13
- 2025From Sparse Signal to Smooth Motion: Real-Time Motion Generation with Rolling Prediction Modelscited by 11
- 2025M4Human: A Large-Scale Multimodal mmWave Radar Benchmark for Human Mesh Reconstructioncited by 6
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026DirtyMoCap: Robust Motion Capture from Unconstrained Markers17 Sep 2026
- 2026RoMo: A Large-Scale, Richly Organized Dataset and Semantic Taxonomy for Human Motion Generation25 May 2026
- 2026Map-Mono-Ego: Map-Grounded Global Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Egocentric Video20 May 2026
- 2026Human Pose Estimation in Trampoline Gymnastics: How to Improve Performance on Extreme Poses1 Apr 2026
- 2026NymeriaPlus: Enriching Nymeria Dataset with Additional Annotations and Data19 Mar 2026
- 2026DexterCap: An Affordable and Automated System for Capturing Dexterous Hand-Object Manipulation9 Jan 2026
- 2026Garment Inertial Denoiser (GID): Endowing Accurate Motion Capture via Loose IMU Denoiser4 Jan 2026
- 2025M4Human: A Large-Scale Multimodal mmWave Radar Benchmark for Human Mesh Reconstruction13 Dec 2025
- 2025End-to-End Motion Capture from Rigid Body Markers with Geodesic Loss20 Nov 2025
- 2025MMCM: Multimodality-aware Metric using Clustering-based Modes for Probabilistic Human Motion Prediction19 Nov 2025
- 2025BEDLAM2.0: Synthetic Humans and Cameras in Motion18 Nov 2025
- 2025L-SR1: Learned Symmetric-Rank-One Preconditioning17 Aug 2025
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)