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End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRF

arXiv 1603.01354 ↗First posted 4 Mar 2016cs.LG cs.CL stat.MLcited by 341

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Abstract (arXiv)

State-of-the-art sequence labeling systems traditionally require large amounts of task-specific knowledge in the form of hand-crafted features and data pre-processing. In this paper, we introduce a novel neutral network architecture that benefits from both word- and character-level representations automatically, by using combination of bidirectional LSTM, CNN and CRF. Our system is truly end-to-end, requiring no feature engineering or data pre-processing, thus making it applicable to a wide range of sequence labeling tasks. We evaluate our system on two data sets for two sequence labeling tasks --- Penn Treebank WSJ corpus for part-of-speech (POS) tagging and CoNLL 2003 corpus for named entity recognition (NER). We obtain state-of-the-art performance on both the two data --- 97.55% accuracy for POS tagging and 91.21% F1 for NER.

Key facts. Cited by 341 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Mar 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 121; 2022: 83; 2023: 67; 2024: 31; 2025: 23; 2026: 16.

341 papers.

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  1. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,222
  2. 2024A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Embodied AIcited by 274
  3. 2023GPT-NER: Named Entity Recognition via Large Language Modelscited by 158
  4. 2021MasakhaNER: Named Entity Recognition for African Languagescited by 155
  5. 2021Template-Based Named Entity Recognition Using BARTcited by 153
  6. 2021Few-NERD: A Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition Datasetcited by 150
  7. 2021WRENCH: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Weak Supervisioncited by 95
  8. 2021StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformerscited by 90
  9. 2021Improving Named Entity Recognition by External Context Retrieving and Cooperative Learningcited by 76
  10. 2022A Survey on Programmatic Weak Supervisioncited by 66
  11. 2021Towards Robust Visual Information Extraction in Real World: New Dataset and Novel Solutioncited by 64
  12. 2021CONTaiNER: Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition via Contrastive Learningcited by 64
38 more
  1. 2023How Robust is GPT-3.5 to Predecessors? A Comprehensive Study on Language Understanding Taskscited by 58
  2. 2021SpanNER: Named Entity Re-/Recognition as Span Predictioncited by 55
  3. 2022Learning Symmetric Embeddings for Equivariant World Modelscited by 54
  4. 2021MAVE: A Product Dataset for Multi-source Attribute Value Extractioncited by 53
  5. 2021Packed Levitated Marker for Entity and Relation Extractioncited by 49
  6. 2021Text-to-Table: A New Way of Information Extractioncited by 47
  7. 2021Named Entity Recognition and Classification on Historical Documents: A Surveycited by 47
  8. 2021Temporal Effects on Pre-trained Models for Language Processing Taskscited by 46
  9. 2022Hybrid Transformer with Multi-level Fusion for Multimodal Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 44
  10. 2021Spatial Dual-Modality Graph Reasoning for Key Information Extractioncited by 43
  11. 2022Autoregressive Structured Prediction with Language Modelscited by 43
  12. 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Modelcited by 43
  13. 2021Distantly-Supervised Named Entity Recognition with Noise-Robust Learning and Language Model Augmented Self-Trainingcited by 41
  14. 2021Active Learning for Sequence Tagging with Deep Pre-trained Models and Bayesian Uncertainty Estimatescited by 39
  15. 2021Paradigm Shift in Natural Language Processingcited by 39
  16. 2021Good Examples Make A Faster Learner: Simple Demonstration-based Learning for Low-resource NERcited by 38
  17. 2022Temporal Sentence Grounding in Videos: A Survey and Future Directionscited by 37
  18. 2022T-NER: An All-Round Python Library for Transformer-based Named Entity Recognitioncited by 37
  19. 2022What do tokens know about their characters and how do they know it?cited by 36
  20. 2021Lexicon Enhanced Chinese Sequence Labeling Using BERT Adaptercited by 34
  21. 2022WebFormer: The Web-page Transformer for Structure Information Extractioncited by 34
  22. 2021A Span-Based Model for Joint Overlapped and Discontinuous Named Entity Recognitioncited by 33
  23. 2021ADePT: Auto-encoder based Differentially Private Text Transformationcited by 31
  24. 2022InstructionNER: A Multi-Task Instruction-Based Generative Framework for Few-shot NERcited by 31
  25. 2021ViBERTgrid: A Jointly Trained Multi-Modal 2D Document Representation for Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 29
  26. 2021Accelerating BERT Inference for Sequence Labeling via Early-Exitcited by 29
  27. 2021Noisy-Labeled NER with Confidence Estimationcited by 28
  28. 2021An Efficient DP-SGD Mechanism for Large Scale NLP Modelscited by 27
  29. 2021LightNER: A Lightweight Tuning Paradigm for Low-resource NER via Pluggable Promptingcited by 27
  30. 2023Pushing the Limits of ChatGPT on NLP Taskscited by 27
  31. 2021GPT3-to-plan: Extracting plans from text using GPT-3cited by 26
  32. 2021Identifying Morality Frames in Political Tweets using Relational Learningcited by 26
  33. 2025AutoData: A Multi-Agent System for Open Web Data Collectioncited by 25
  34. 2021De-biasing Distantly Supervised Named Entity Recognition via Causal Interventioncited by 24
  35. 2021ITA: Image-Text Alignments for Multi-Modal Named Entity Recognitioncited by 24
  36. 2022Optimizing Bi-Encoder for Named Entity Recognition via Contrastive Learningcited by 24
  37. 2021Better Feature Integration for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 22
  38. 2021Parallel Attention Network with Sequence Matching for Video Groundingcited by 22

50 most cited of 341 All 341 (JSON)