Graph Convolution for Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documents
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visually rich documents (VRDs) are ubiquitous in daily business and life. Examples are purchase receipts, insurance policy documents, custom declaration forms and so on. In VRDs, visual and layout information is critical for document understanding, and texts in such documents cannot be serialized into the one-dimensional sequence without losing information. Classic information extraction models such as BiLSTM-CRF typically operate on text sequences and do not incorporate visual features. In this paper, we introduce a graph convolution based model to combine textual and visual information presented in VRDs. Graph embeddings are trained to summarize the context of a text segment in the document, and further combined with text embeddings for entity extraction. Extensive experiments have been conducted to show that our method outperforms BiLSTM-CRF baselines by significant margins, on two real-world datasets. Additionally, ablation studies are also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of each component of our model.
Key facts. Cited by 88 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 14; 2023: 27; 2024: 11; 2025: 9.
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- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 481
- 2021Going Full-TILT Boogie on Document Understanding with Text-Image-Layout Transformercited by 134
- 2021SelfDoc: Self-Supervised Document Representation Learningcited by 117
- 2022LiLT: A Simple yet Effective Language-Independent Layout Transformer for Structured Document Understandingcited by 107
- 2021BROS: A Pre-trained Language Model Focusing on Text and Layout for Better Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 104
- 2021StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformerscited by 90
- 2021Kleister: Key Information Extraction Datasets Involving Long Documents with Complex Layoutscited by 82
- 2022XYLayoutLM: Towards Layout-Aware Multimodal Networks For Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 68
- 2021Towards Robust Visual Information Extraction in Real World: New Dataset and Novel Solutioncited by 64
- 2022FormNet: Structural Encoding beyond Sequential Modeling in Form Document Information Extractioncited by 64
- 2021Document AI: Benchmarks, Models and Applicationscited by 61
- 2023Visual Information Extraction in the Wild: Practical Dataset and End-to-end Solutioncited by 54
38 more
- 2021Spatial Dual-Modality Graph Reasoning for Key Information Extractioncited by 43
- 2021VSR: A Unified Framework for Document Layout Analysis combining Vision, Semantics and Relationscited by 40
- 2023GeoLayoutLM: Geometric Pre-training for Visual Information Extractioncited by 40
- 2023ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extractioncited by 38
- 2021ViBERTgrid: A Jointly Trained Multi-Modal 2D Document Representation for Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 29
- 2023Layout and Task Aware Instruction Prompt for Zero-shot Document Image Question Answeringcited by 24
- 2021Entity Relation Extraction as Dependency Parsing in Visually Rich Documentscited by 23
- 2021ROPE: Reading Order Equivariant Positional Encoding for Graph-based Document Information Extractioncited by 22
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Surveycited by 21
- 2023DocParser: End-to-end OCR-free Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 19
- 2021MatchVIE: Exploiting Match Relevancy between Entities for Visual Information Extractioncited by 18
- 2022Bi-VLDoc: Bidirectional Vision-Language Modeling for Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 18
- 2023DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documentscited by 18
- 2023Attention Where It Matters: Rethinking Visual Document Understanding with Selective Region Concentrationcited by 18
- 2021Form2Seq : A Framework for Higher-Order Form Structure Extractioncited by 16
- 2021Cost-effective End-to-end Information Extraction for Semi-structured Document Imagescited by 14
- 2022VLCDoC: Vision-Language Contrastive Pre-Training Model for Cross-Modal Document Classificationcited by 14
- 2024Modeling Layout Reading Order as Ordering Relations for Visually-rich Document Understandingcited by 12
- 2022Relational Representation Learning in Visually-Rich Documentscited by 11
- 2023Towards reducing hallucination in extracting information from financial reports using Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understandingcited by 10
- 2022ERNIE-mmLayout: Multi-grained MultiModal Transformer for Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2021Tag, Copy or Predict: A Unified Weakly-Supervised Learning Framework for Visual Information Extraction using Sequencescited by 8
- 2023A Graphical Approach to Document Layout Analysiscited by 8
- 2024MatViX: Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Articlescited by 8
- 2021End-to-End Hierarchical Relation Extraction for Generic Form Understandingcited by 7
- 2021A Span Extraction Approach for Information Extraction on Visually-Rich Documentscited by 6
- 2021Multi-Modal Association based Grouping for Form Structure Extractioncited by 6
- 2021CoVA: Context-aware Visual Attention for Webpage Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2022TRIE++: Towards End-to-End Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 6
- 2023Enhancing Visually-Rich Document Understanding via Layout Structure Modelingcited by 6
- 2024Deep Learning based Key Information Extraction from Business Documents: Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 6
- 2024SAIL: Sample-Centric In-Context Learning for Document Information Extractioncited by 6
- 2025Problem Solved? Information Extraction Design Space for Layout-Rich Documents using LLMscited by 6
- 2021Using Neighborhood Context to Improve Information Extraction from Visual Documents Captured on Mobile Phonescited by 5
- 2022Information Extraction from Scanned Invoice Images using Text Analysis and Layout Featurescited by 5
- 2023Doc2SoarGraph: Discrete Reasoning over Visually-Rich Table-Text Documents via Semantic-Oriented Hierarchical Graphscited by 5
- 2025Document Intelligence in the Era of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 5
50 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2025Invoice Information Extraction: Methods and Performance Evaluation17 Oct 2025
- 2025Document Intelligence in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey15 Oct 2025
- 2025TASER: Table Agents for Schema-guided Extraction and Recommendation18 Aug 2025
- 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understanding22 May 2025
- 2025M-MRE: Extending the Mutual Reinforcement Effect to Multimodal Information Extraction24 Apr 2025
- 2025Improving Applicability of Deep Learning based Token Classification models during Training28 Mar 2025
- 2025Generative Compositor for Few-Shot Visual Information Extraction21 Mar 2025
- 2025DongbaMIE: A Multimodal Information Extraction Dataset for Evaluating Semantic Understanding of Dongba Pictograms5 Mar 2025
- 2025Problem Solved? Information Extraction Design Space for Layout-Rich Documents using LLMs25 Feb 2025
- 2024SAIL: Sample-Centric In-Context Learning for Document Information Extraction22 Dec 2024
- 2024MatViX: Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Articles27 Oct 2024
- 2024ReLayout: Towards Real-World Document Understanding via Layout-enhanced Pre-training14 Oct 2024
38 more
- 2024GraphRevisedIE: Multimodal Information Extraction with Graph-Revised Network2 Oct 2024
- 2024Modeling Layout Reading Order as Ordering Relations for Visually-rich Document Understanding29 Sep 2024
- 2024Arctic-TILT. Business Document Understanding at Sub-Billion Scale8 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Visually Rich Document Content Understanding: A Survey2 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep Learning based Key Information Extraction from Business Documents: Systematic Literature Review23 Jul 2024
- 2024VRDSynth: Synthesizing Programs for Multilingual Visually Rich Document Information Extraction9 Jul 2024
- 2024Noise-Aware Training of Layout-Aware Language Models30 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Human-Like Machine Comprehension: Few-Shot Relational Learning in Visually-Rich Documents23 Mar 2024
- 2023DONUT-hole: DONUT Sparsification by Harnessing Knowledge and Optimizing Learning Efficiency9 Nov 2023
- 2023On Task-personalized Multimodal Few-shot Learning for Visually-rich Document Entity Retrieval1 Nov 2023
- 2023Enhancing Document Information Analysis with Multi-Task Pre-training: A Robust Approach for Information Extraction in Visually-Rich Documents25 Oct 2023
- 2023DocTrack: A Visually-Rich Document Dataset Really Aligned with Human Eye Movement for Machine Reading23 Oct 2023
- 2023Vision-Enhanced Semantic Entity Recognition in Document Images via Visually-Asymmetric Consistency Learning23 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards reducing hallucination in extracting information from financial reports using Large Language Models16 Oct 2023
- 2023TILFA: A Unified Framework for Text, Image, and Layout Fusion in Argument Mining8 Oct 2023
- 2023ProtoNER: Few shot Incremental Learning for Named Entity Recognition using Prototypical Networks3 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Information Extraction on Business Documents with Specific Pre-Training Tasks11 Sep 2023
- 2023Attention Where It Matters: Rethinking Visual Document Understanding with Selective Region Concentration3 Sep 2023
- 2023Enhancing OCR Performance through Post-OCR Models: Adopting Glyph Embedding for Improved Correction29 Aug 2023
- 2023Enhancing Visually-Rich Document Understanding via Layout Structure Modeling15 Aug 2023
- 2023A Graphical Approach to Document Layout Analysis3 Aug 2023
- 2023DocTr: Document Transformer for Structured Information Extraction in Documents16 Jul 2023
- 2023Layout and Task Aware Instruction Prompt for Zero-shot Document Image Question Answering1 Jun 2023
- 2023GVdoc: Graph-based Visual Document Classification26 May 2023
- 2023RE2: Region-Aware Relation Extraction from Visually Rich Documents24 May 2023
- 2023Detecting automatically the layout of clinical documents to enhance the performances of downstream natural language processing23 May 2023
- 2023Visual Information Extraction in the Wild: Practical Dataset and End-to-end Solution12 May 2023
- 2023Doc2SoarGraph: Discrete Reasoning over Visually-Rich Table-Text Documents via Semantic-Oriented Hierarchical Graphs3 May 2023
- 2023Information Redundancy and Biases in Public Document Information Extraction Benchmarks28 Apr 2023
- 2023Large Scale Genealogical Information Extraction From Handwritten Quebec Parish Records27 Apr 2023
- 2023DocParser: End-to-end OCR-free Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documents24 Apr 2023
- 2023PARAGRAPH2GRAPH: A GNN-based framework for layout paragraph analysis24 Apr 2023
- 2023GeoLayoutLM: Geometric Pre-training for Visual Information Extraction21 Apr 2023
- 2023ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extraction9 Mar 2023
- 2023Entry Separation using a Mixed Visual and Textual Language Model: Application to 19th century French Trade Directories17 Feb 2023
- 2022Unimodal and Multimodal Representation Training for Relation Extraction11 Nov 2022
- 2022Improving Document Image Understanding with Reinforcement Finetuning26 Sep 2022
- 2022ERNIE-mmLayout: Multi-grained MultiModal Transformer for Document Understanding18 Sep 2022
50 newest of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2022LayoutLMv3: Pre-training for Document AI with Unified Text and Image Maskingcited by 481
- 2021Going Full-TILT Boogie on Document Understanding with Text-Image-Layout Transformercited by 134
- 2021SelfDoc: Self-Supervised Document Representation Learningcited by 117
- 2022LiLT: A Simple yet Effective Language-Independent Layout Transformer for Structured Document Understandingcited by 107
- 2021BROS: A Pre-trained Language Model Focusing on Text and Layout for Better Key Information Extraction from Documentscited by 104
- 2021StrucTexT: Structured Text Understanding with Multi-Modal Transformerscited by 90
- 2021Kleister: Key Information Extraction Datasets Involving Long Documents with Complex Layoutscited by 82
- 2022XYLayoutLM: Towards Layout-Aware Multimodal Networks For Visually-Rich Document Understandingcited by 68
- 2021Towards Robust Visual Information Extraction in Real World: New Dataset and Novel Solutioncited by 64
- 2022FormNet: Structural Encoding beyond Sequential Modeling in Form Document Information Extractioncited by 64
- 2021Document AI: Benchmarks, Models and Applicationscited by 61
- 2023Visual Information Extraction in the Wild: Practical Dataset and End-to-end Solutioncited by 54
12 most cited of 87 All 87 (JSON)
- 2025Invoice Information Extraction: Methods and Performance Evaluation17 Oct 2025
- 2025Document Intelligence in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey15 Oct 2025
- 2025TASER: Table Agents for Schema-guided Extraction and Recommendation18 Aug 2025
- 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understanding22 May 2025
- 2025M-MRE: Extending the Mutual Reinforcement Effect to Multimodal Information Extraction24 Apr 2025
- 2025Improving Applicability of Deep Learning based Token Classification models during Training28 Mar 2025
- 2025Generative Compositor for Few-Shot Visual Information Extraction21 Mar 2025
- 2025DongbaMIE: A Multimodal Information Extraction Dataset for Evaluating Semantic Understanding of Dongba Pictograms5 Mar 2025
- 2025Problem Solved? Information Extraction Design Space for Layout-Rich Documents using LLMs25 Feb 2025
- 2024SAIL: Sample-Centric In-Context Learning for Document Information Extraction22 Dec 2024
- 2024MatViX: Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Articles27 Oct 2024
- 2024ReLayout: Towards Real-World Document Understanding via Layout-enhanced Pre-training14 Oct 2024
12 newest of 87 All 87 (JSON)