JurEE not Judges: safeguarding llm interactions with small, specialised Encoder Ensembles
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce JurEE, an ensemble of efficient, encoder-only transformer models designed to strengthen safeguards in AI-User interactions within LLM-based systems. Unlike existing LLM-as-Judge methods, which often struggle with generalization across risk taxonomies and only provide textual outputs, JurEE offers probabilistic risk estimates across a wide range of prevalent risks. Our approach leverages diverse data sources and employs progressive synthetic data generation techniques, including LLM-assisted augmentation, to enhance model robustness and performance. We create an in-house benchmark comprising of other reputable benchmarks such as the OpenAI Moderation Dataset and ToxicChat, where we find JurEE significantly outperforms baseline models, demonstrating superior accuracy, speed, and cost-efficiency. This makes it particularly suitable for applications requiring stringent content moderation, such as customer-facing chatbots. The encoder-ensemble's modular design allows users to set tailored risk thresholds, enhancing its versatility across various safety-related applications. JurEE's collective decision-making process, where each specialized encoder model contributes to the final output, not only improves predictive accuracy but also enhances interpretability. This approach provides a more efficient, performant, and economical alternative to traditional LLMs for large-scale implementations requiring robust content moderation.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 73 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2024.
Builds on
48 of 73 references.
References · 48
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
- 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
- 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,841
- 2020DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attentioncited by 2,157
36 more
- 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,790
- 2020RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Modelscited by 1,235
- 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
- 2023Language Models Don't Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Promptingcited by 1,081
- 2023ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Taskscited by 849
- 2023Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?cited by 729
- 2021BARTScore: Evaluating Generated Text as Text Generationcited by 719
- 2023An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-tuningcited by 622
- 2023The Reversal Curse: LLMs trained on "A is B" fail to learn "B is A"cited by 399
- 2022A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real Worldcited by 337
- 2024Humans or LLMs as the Judge? A Study on Judgement Biasescited by 314
- 2024SALAD-Bench: A Hierarchical and Comprehensive Safety Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 225
- 2023ToxicChat: Unveiling Hidden Challenges of Toxicity Detection in Real-World User-AI Conversationcited by 224
- 2024ShieldGemma: Generative AI Content Moderation Based on Gemmacited by 224
- 2024Judging the Judges: Evaluating Alignment and Vulnerabilities in LLMs-as-Judgescited by 197
- 2021GPT3Mix: Leveraging Large-scale Language Models for Text Augmentationcited by 185
- 2022A New Generation of Perspective API: Efficient Multilingual Character-level Transformerscited by 181
- 2023From Words to Watts: Benchmarking the Energy Costs of Large Language Model Inferencecited by 168
- 2023Benchmarking Cognitive Biases in Large Language Models as Evaluatorscited by 147
- 2024Aligning with Human Judgement: The Role of Pairwise Preference in Large Language Model Evaluatorscited by 146
- 2023AugGPT: Leveraging ChatGPT for Text Data Augmentationcited by 128
- 2024AEGIS: Online Adaptive AI Content Safety Moderation with Ensemble of LLM Expertscited by 126
- 2023On the Tool Manipulation Capability of Open-source Large Language Modelscited by 122
- 2024ALERT: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Assessing Large Language Models' Safety through Red Teamingcited by 96
- 2020Preventing Repeated Real World AI Failures by Cataloging Incidents: The AI Incident Databasecited by 95
- 2024An Empirical Study of LLM-as-a-Judge for LLM Evaluation: Fine-tuned Judge Model is not a General Substitute for GPT-4cited by 90
- 2023Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Modelscited by 83
- 2018BLEU is Not Suitable for the Evaluation of Text Simplificationcited by 78
- 2021Medically Aware GPT-3 as a Data Generator for Medical Dialogue Summarizationcited by 76
- 2023Aligning Large Language Models with Human Preferences through Representation Engineeringcited by 71
- 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
- 2023ChatGPT to Replace Crowdsourcing of Paraphrases for Intent Classification: Higher Diversity and Comparable Model Robustnesscited by 41
- 2024A Survey on Data Augmentation in Large Model Eracited by 31
- 2023Text Alignment Is An Efficient Unified Model for Massive NLP Taskscited by 8
- 2023The Costly Dilemma: Generalization, Evaluation and Cost-Optimal Deployment of Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2023Which Model Shall I Choose? Cost/Quality Trade-offs for Text Classification Taskscited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
3 papers.