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Argument Generation with Retrieval, Planning, and Realization

arXiv 1906.03717 ↗First posted 9 Jun 2019cs.CLcited by 45

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic argument generation is an appealing but challenging task. In this paper, we study the specific problem of counter-argument generation, and present a novel framework, CANDELA. It consists of a powerful retrieval system and a novel two-step generation model, where a text planning decoder first decides on the main talking points and a proper language style for each sentence, then a content realization decoder reflects the decisions and constructs an informative paragraph-level argument. Furthermore, our generation model is empowered by a retrieval system indexed with 12 million articles collected from Wikipedia and popular English news media, which provides access to high-quality content with diversity. Automatic evaluation on a large-scale dataset collected from Reddit shows that our model yields significantly higher BLEU, ROUGE, and METEOR scores than the state-of-the-art and non-trivial comparisons. Human evaluation further indicates that our system arguments are more appropriate for refutation and richer in content.

Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 15; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2024Agents' Room: Narrative Generation through Multi-step Collaborationcited by 57
  2. 2023Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models in Computational Argumentationcited by 42
  3. 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
  4. 2023Reinforcement Learning-based Counter-Misinformation Response Generation: A Case Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformationcited by 39
  5. 2022PLANET: Dynamic Content Planning in Autoregressive Transformers for Long-form Text Generationcited by 30
  6. 2024Debate-to-Write: A Persona-Driven Multi-Agent Framework for Diverse Argument Generationcited by 29
  7. 2022The Moral Debater: A Study on the Computational Generation of Morally Framed Argumentscited by 22
  8. 2024TimeArena: Shaping Efficient Multitasking Language Agents in a Time-Aware Simulationcited by 22
  9. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 21
  10. 2024MemeGuard: An LLM and VLM-based Framework for Advancing Content Moderation via Meme Interventioncited by 20
  11. 2021Scientia Potentia Est -- On the Role of Knowledge in Computational Argumentationcited by 17
  12. 2024Can LLMs Beat Humans in Debating? A Dynamic Multi-agent Framework for Competitive Debatecited by 16
33 more
  1. 2021Belief-based Generation of Argumentative Claimscited by 14
  2. 2022Recent Advances in Neural Text Generation: A Task-Agnostic Surveycited by 14
  3. 2021MultiOpEd: A Corpus of Multi-Perspective News Editorialscited by 13
  4. 2021Empowering NGOs in Countering Online Hate Messagescited by 13
  5. 2023Argue with Me Tersely: Towards Sentence-Level Counter-Argument Generationcited by 12
  6. 2024Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Counteringcited by 11
  7. 2023AMERICANO: Argument Generation with Discourse-driven Decomposition and Agent Interactioncited by 8
  8. 2023ArgU: A Controllable Factual Argument Generatorcited by 7
  9. 2024A Logical Fallacy-Informed Framework for Argument Generationcited by 7
  10. 2021Knowledge-Enhanced Evidence Retrieval for Counterargument Generationcited by 6
  11. 2023HiTZ@Antidote: Argumentation-driven Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Digital Medicinecited by 5
  12. 2024NLAS-multi: A Multilingual Corpus of Automatically Generated Natural Language Argumentation Schemescited by 5
  13. 2024ConQRet: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Argumentation with LLM Judgescited by 5
  14. 2022MOCHA: A Multi-Task Training Approach for Coherent Text Generation from Cognitive Perspectivecited by 4
  15. 2024The Future of Cognitive Strategy-enhanced Persuasive Dialogue Agents: New Perspectives and Trendscited by 4
  16. 2025MODS: Moderating a Mixture of Document Speakers to Summarize Debatable Queries in Document Collectionscited by 4
  17. 2025R-Debater: Retrieval-Augmented Debate Generation through Argumentative Memorycited by 4
  18. 2025Dynamic Knowledge Integration for Evidence-Driven Counter-Argument Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 3
  19. 2021"Sharks are not the threat humans are": Argument Component Segmentation in School Student Essayscited by 2
  20. 2022LPAttack: A Feasible Annotation Scheme for Capturing Logic Pattern of Attacks in Argumentscited by 2
  21. 2024"Reasoning" with Rhetoric: On the Style-Evidence Tradeoff in LLM-Generated Counter-Argumentscited by 2
  22. 2024Overview of AI-Debater 2023: The Challenges of Argument Generation Taskscited by 2
  23. 2025Strategic Planning and Rationalizing on Trees Make LLMs Better Debaterscited by 2
  24. 2023Revisiting the Role of Similarity and Dissimilarity in Best Counter Argument Retrievalcited by 1
  25. 2026Decoupling Scores and Text: The Politeness Principle in Peer Reviewcited by 1
  26. 2026ArgBench: Benchmarking LLMs on Computational Argumentation Taskscited by 1
  27. 2022Argumentative Text Generation in Economic Domaincited by 0
  28. 2023Unsupervised Scientific Abstract Segmentation with Normalized Mutual Informationcited by 0
  29. 2024FinGen: A Dataset for Argument Generation in Financecited by 0
  30. 2024GADFA: Generator-Assisted Decision-Focused Approach for Opinion Expressing Timing Identificationcited by 0
  31. 2025Writing Like the Best: Exemplar-Based Expository Text Generationcited by 0
  32. 2026SAD: A Large-Scale Strategic Argumentative Dialogue Datasetcited by 0
  33. 2026ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Groundingcited by 0