Cross-Lingual Natural Language Generation via Pre-Training
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this work we focus on transferring supervision signals of natural language generation (NLG) tasks between multiple languages. We propose to pretrain the encoder and the decoder of a sequence-to-sequence model under both monolingual and cross-lingual settings. The pre-training objective encourages the model to represent different languages in the shared space, so that we can conduct zero-shot cross-lingual transfer. After the pre-training procedure, we use monolingual data to fine-tune the pre-trained model on downstream NLG tasks. Then the sequence-to-sequence model trained in a single language can be directly evaluated beyond that language (i.e., accepting multi-lingual input and producing multi-lingual output). Experimental results on question generation and abstractive summarization show that our model outperforms the machine-translation-based pipeline methods for zero-shot cross-lingual generation. Moreover, cross-lingual transfer improves NLG performance of low-resource languages by leveraging rich-resource language data. Our implementation and data are available at https://github.com/CZWin32768/xnlg.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 25; 2022: 14; 2023: 12; 2024: 8; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2021FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Modelcited by 646
- 2021VLMo: Unified Vision-Language Pre-Training with Mixture-of-Modality-Expertscited by 424
- 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2024Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Synthetic Datacited by 104
- 2021XLM-E: Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training via ELECTRAcited by 72
- 2022Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Generationcited by 62
- 2021DeltaLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training for Language Generation and Translation by Augmenting Pretrained Multilingual Encoderscited by 50
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2023OWL: A Large Language Model for IT Operationscited by 43
- 2021MT6: Multilingual Pretrained Text-to-Text Transformer with Translation Pairscited by 41
38 more
- 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignmentcited by 41
- 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
- 2022A Survey on Cross-Lingual Summarizationcited by 38
- 2022Models and Datasets for Cross-Lingual Summarisationcited by 36
- 2021The Summary Loop: Learning to Write Abstractive Summaries Without Examplescited by 27
- 2021Cross-Lingual Abstractive Summarization with Limited Parallel Resourcescited by 27
- 2022ClidSum: A Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Dialogue Summarizationcited by 25
- 2022QAmeleon: Multilingual QA with Only 5 Examplescited by 25
- 2021Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer of Neural Machine Translation with Multilingual Pretrained Encoderscited by 24
- 2021ZmBART: An Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer Framework for Language Generationcited by 23
- 2021Allocating Large Vocabulary Capacity for Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-trainingcited by 22
- 2021Distilled Dual-Encoder Model for Vision-Language Understandingcited by 21
- 2022GanLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training with an Auxiliary Discriminatorcited by 20
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 16
- 2024Lemur: Log Parsing with Entropy Sampling and Chain-of-Thought Mergingcited by 16
- 2023Towards Unifying Multi-Lingual and Cross-Lingual Summarizationcited by 15
- 2023mCL-NER: Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Multi-view Contrastive Learningcited by 14
- 2023PAXQA: Generating Cross-lingual Question Answering Examples at Training Scalecited by 10
- 2021A Dataset and Baselines for Multilingual Reply Suggestioncited by 9
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Pretrained Models for API Learningcited by 9
- 2021Cross-lingual Transfer for Speech Processing using Acoustic Language Similaritycited by 8
- 2021s2s-ft: Fine-Tuning Pretrained Transformer Encoders for Sequence-to-Sequence Learningcited by 7
- 2023μPLAN: Summarizing using a Content Plan as Cross-Lingual Bridgecited by 7
- 2025On the Acquisition of Shared Grammatical Representations in Bilingual Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substratescited by 5
- 2021Cross-Lingual Training with Dense Retrieval for Document Retrievalcited by 4
- 2022Meta-XNLG: A Meta-Learning Approach Based on Language Clustering for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Generationcited by 4
- 2022IDK-MRC: Unanswerable Questions for Indonesian Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 4
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarizationcited by 4
- 2023Prompt Learning to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting in Cross-lingual Transfer for Open-domain Dialogue Generationcited by 4
- 2023The Interpreter Understands Your Meaning: End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding Aided by Speech Translationcited by 4
- 2023CCT-Code: Cross-Consistency Training for Multilingual Clone Detection and Code Searchcited by 4
- 2022Attract me to Buy: Advertisement Copywriting Generation with Multimodal Multi-structured Informationcited by 3
- 2023MT4CrossOIE: Multi-stage Tuning for Cross-lingual Open Information Extractioncited by 3
- 2021Revisiting Language Encoding in Learning Multilingual Representationscited by 2
- 2025An evaluation of LLMs and Google Translate for translation of selected Indian languages via sentiment and semantic analysescited by 2
- 2025Beating Harmful Stereotypes Through Facts: RAG-based Counter-speech Generationcited by 2
- 2021Generalising Multilingual Concept-to-Text NLG with Language Agnostic Delexicalisationcited by 1
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026Bangla Key2Text: Text Generation from Keywords for a Low Resource Language21 Apr 2026
- 2025Beating Harmful Stereotypes Through Facts: RAG-based Counter-speech Generation14 Oct 2025
- 2025An evaluation of LLMs and Google Translate for translation of selected Indian languages via sentiment and semantic analyses27 Mar 2025
- 2025On the Acquisition of Shared Grammatical Representations in Bilingual Language Models5 Mar 2025
- 2024Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Survey14 Nov 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Transfer for Automatic Question Generation by Learning Interrogative Structures in Target Languages4 Oct 2024
- 2024Enhancing Low-Resource NMT with a Multilingual Encoder and Knowledge Distillation: A Case Study9 Jul 2024
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substrates13 May 2024
- 2024Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Synthetic Data11 Apr 2024
- 2024Language-Independent Representations Improve Zero-Shot Summarization8 Apr 2024
- 2024Improving Cross-lingual Representation for Semantic Retrieval with Code-switching3 Mar 2024
- 2024Lemur: Log Parsing with Entropy Sampling and Chain-of-Thought Merging28 Feb 2024
38 more
- 2023Crosslingual Structural Priming and the Pre-Training Dynamics of Bilingual Language Models11 Oct 2023
- 2023OWL: A Large Language Model for IT Operations17 Sep 2023
- 2023mCL-NER: Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Multi-view Contrastive Learning17 Aug 2023
- 2023MT4CrossOIE: Multi-stage Tuning for Cross-lingual Open Information Extraction12 Aug 2023
- 2023μPLAN: Summarizing using a Content Plan as Cross-Lingual Bridge23 May 2023
- 2023CCT-Code: Cross-Consistency Training for Multilingual Clone Detection and Code Search19 May 2023
- 2023The Interpreter Understands Your Meaning: End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding Aided by Speech Translation16 May 2023
- 2023Towards Unifying Multi-Lingual and Cross-Lingual Summarization16 May 2023
- 2023Prompt Learning to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting in Cross-lingual Transfer for Open-domain Dialogue Generation12 May 2023
- 2023PAXQA: Generating Cross-lingual Question Answering Examples at Training Scale24 Apr 2023
- 2023XWikiGen: Cross-lingual Summarization for Encyclopedic Text Generation in Low Resource Languages22 Mar 2023
- 2023LoRaLay: A Multilingual and Multimodal Dataset for Long Range and Layout-Aware Summarization26 Jan 2023
- 2022GanLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training with an Auxiliary Discriminator20 Dec 2022
- 2022QAmeleon: Multilingual QA with Only 5 Examples15 Nov 2022
- 2022Leveraging Pre-trained Models for Failure Analysis Triplets Generation31 Oct 2022
- 2022IDK-MRC: Unanswerable Questions for Indonesian Machine Reading Comprehension25 Oct 2022
- 2022XF2T: Cross-lingual Fact-to-Text Generation for Low-Resource Languages22 Sep 2022
- 2022ZusammenQA: Data Augmentation with Specialized Models for Cross-lingual Open-retrieval Question Answering System30 May 2022
- 2022Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Generation25 May 2022
- 2022Attract me to Buy: Advertisement Copywriting Generation with Multimodal Multi-structured Information7 May 2022
- 2022On the Effectiveness of Pretrained Models for API Learning5 Apr 2022
- 2022A Survey on Cross-Lingual Summarization23 Mar 2022
- 2022Meta-XNLG: A Meta-Learning Approach Based on Language Clustering for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Generation19 Mar 2022
- 2022Models and Datasets for Cross-Lingual Summarisation19 Feb 2022
- 2022ClidSum: A Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Dialogue Summarization11 Feb 2022
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Survey14 Jan 2022
- 2021Distilled Dual-Encoder Model for Vision-Language Understanding16 Dec 2021
- 2021FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Model8 Dec 2021
- 2021VLMo: Unified Vision-Language Pre-Training with Mixture-of-Modality-Experts3 Nov 2021
- 2021Cross-lingual Transfer for Speech Processing using Acoustic Language Similarity2 Nov 2021
- 2021s2s-ft: Fine-Tuning Pretrained Transformer Encoders for Sequence-to-Sequence Learning26 Oct 2021
- 2021Cross-Lingual Language Model Meta-Pretraining23 Sep 2021
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendation18 Sep 2021
- 2021Allocating Large Vocabulary Capacity for Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training15 Sep 2021
- 2021Cross-Lingual Training with Dense Retrieval for Document Retrieval3 Sep 2021
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processing12 Aug 2021
- 2021XLM-E: Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training via ELECTRA30 Jun 2021
- 2021DeltaLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training for Language Generation and Translation by Augmenting Pretrained Multilingual Encoders25 Jun 2021
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2024Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Synthetic Datacited by 104
- 2024Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Synthetic Data11 Apr 2024
- 2021FLAVA: A Foundational Language And Vision Alignment Modelcited by 646
- 2021Pre-Trained Models: Past, Present and Futurecited by 319
- 2021AMMUS : A Survey of Transformer-based Pretrained Models in Natural Language Processingcited by 131
- 2022Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 121
- 2021XLM-E: Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training via ELECTRAcited by 72
- 2022Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Generationcited by 62
- 2021DeltaLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training for Language Generation and Translation by Augmenting Pretrained Multilingual Encoderscited by 50
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2023OWL: A Large Language Model for IT Operationscited by 43
- 2021MT6: Multilingual Pretrained Text-to-Text Transformer with Translation Pairscited by 41
- 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignmentcited by 41
- 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026Bangla Key2Text: Text Generation from Keywords for a Low Resource Language21 Apr 2026
- 2025An evaluation of LLMs and Google Translate for translation of selected Indian languages via sentiment and semantic analyses27 Mar 2025
- 2025On the Acquisition of Shared Grammatical Representations in Bilingual Language Models5 Mar 2025
- 2024Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Survey14 Nov 2024
- 2024Cross-lingual Transfer for Automatic Question Generation by Learning Interrogative Structures in Target Languages4 Oct 2024
- 2024Enhancing Low-Resource NMT with a Multilingual Encoder and Knowledge Distillation: A Case Study9 Jul 2024
- 2024Generative Enzyme Design Guided by Functionally Important Sites and Small-Molecule Substrates13 May 2024
- 2024Language-Independent Representations Improve Zero-Shot Summarization8 Apr 2024
- 2024Improving Cross-lingual Representation for Semantic Retrieval with Code-switching3 Mar 2024
- 2023Crosslingual Structural Priming and the Pre-Training Dynamics of Bilingual Language Models11 Oct 2023
- 2023OWL: A Large Language Model for IT Operations17 Sep 2023
- 2023mCL-NER: Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Multi-view Contrastive Learning17 Aug 2023
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)