mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CONAN -- COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech

arXiv 1910.03270 ↗First posted 8 Oct 2019cs.CL cs.CYcited by 109

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Although there is an unprecedented effort to provide adequate responses in terms of laws and policies to hate content on social media platforms, dealing with hatred online is still a tough problem. Tackling hate speech in the standard way of content deletion or user suspension may be charged with censorship and overblocking. One alternate strategy, that has received little attention so far by the research community, is to actually oppose hate content with counter-narratives (i.e. informed textual responses). In this paper, we describe the creation of the first large-scale, multilingual, expert-based dataset of hate speech/counter-narrative pairs. This dataset has been built with the effort of more than 100 operators from three different NGOs that applied their training and expertise to the task. Together with the collected data we also provide additional annotations about expert demographics, hate and response type, and data augmentation through translation and paraphrasing. Finally, we provide initial experiments to assess the quality of our data.

Key facts. Cited by 109 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Oct 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 15; 2023: 13; 2024: 29; 2025: 18; 2026: 12.

109 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Low-Resource Languages Jailbreak GPT-4cited by 290
  2. 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
  3. 2021Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speechcited by 81
  4. 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
  5. 2021Just Say No: Analyzing the Stance of Neural Dialogue Generation in Offensive Contextscited by 56
  6. 2021Generate, Prune, Select: A Pipeline for Counterspeech Generation against Online Hate Speechcited by 42
  7. 2021Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speechcited by 41
  8. 2022Human-Machine Collaboration Approaches to Build a Dialogue Dataset for Hate Speech Counteringcited by 40
  9. 2021Detecting Harmful Content On Online Platforms: What Platforms Need Vs. Where Research Efforts Gocited by 32
  10. 2022Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Mattercited by 32
  11. 2022Using Pre-Trained Language Models for Producing Counter Narratives Against Hate Speech: a Comparative Studycited by 30
  12. 2022CounterGeDi: A controllable approach to generate polite, detoxified and emotional counterspeechcited by 28
38 more
  1. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 26
  2. 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Modelscited by 26
  3. 2021A Large-scale Dataset for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Textscited by 25
  4. 2021Understanding and Countering Stereotypes: A Computational Approach to the Stereotype Content Modelcited by 23
  5. 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasetscited by 23
  6. 2023Beyond Denouncing Hate: Strategies for Countering Implied Biases and Stereotypes in Languagecited by 22
  7. 2021Few-shot Instruction Prompts for Pretrained Language Models to Detect Social Biasescited by 21
  8. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 21
  9. 2024MemeGuard: An LLM and VLM-based Framework for Advancing Content Moderation via Meme Interventioncited by 20
  10. 2024NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helpscited by 19
  11. 2022Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitionscited by 18
  12. 2022Proactively Reducing the Hate Intensity of Online Posts via Hate Speech Normalizationcited by 17
  13. 2023Understanding Counterspeech for Online Harm Mitigationcited by 17
  14. 2024On Zero-Shot Counterspeech Generation by LLMscited by 17
  15. 2021HateBR: A Large Expert Annotated Corpus of Brazilian Instagram Comments for Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detectioncited by 15
  16. 2024Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluationcited by 15
  17. 2022Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speechcited by 14
  18. 2023DisCGen: A Framework for Discourse-Informed Counterspeech Generationcited by 14
  19. 2021"Short is the Road that Leads from Fear to Hate": Fear Speech in Indian WhatsApp Groupscited by 13
  20. 2021Empowering NGOs in Countering Online Hate Messagescited by 13
  21. 2023Counterspeeches up my sleeve! Intent Distribution Learning and Persistent Fusion for Intent-Conditioned Counterspeech Generationcited by 13
  22. 2021Countering Online Hate Speech: An NLP Perspectivecited by 12
  23. 2022Automatic Identification and Classification of Bragging in Social Mediacited by 12
  24. 2022Detecting Unintended Social Bias in Toxic Language Datasetscited by 12
  25. 2024Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speechcited by 12
  26. 2023Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speechcited by 10
  27. 2021Multilingual Counter Narrative Type Classificationcited by 9
  28. 2023Multilingual Content Moderation: A Case Study on Redditcited by 8
  29. 2024Computational Politeness in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 8
  30. 2022ELF22: A Context-based Counter Trolling Dataset to Combat Internet Trollscited by 7
  31. 2022Reliable Decision from Multiple Subtasks through Threshold Optimization: Content Moderation in the Wildcited by 7
  32. 2024Basque and Spanish Counter Narrative Generation: Data Creation and Evaluationcited by 7
  33. 2024A Multi-Aspect Framework for Counter Narrative Evaluation using Large Language Modelscited by 6
  34. 2024A LLM-Based Ranking Method for the Evaluation of Automatic Counter-Narrative Generationcited by 6
  35. 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
  36. 2021Abusive Language Detection in Heterogeneous Contexts: Dataset Collection and the Role of Supervised Attentioncited by 5
  37. 2022Counter Hate Speech in Social Media: A Surveycited by 5
  38. 2023On the rise of fear speech in online social mediacited by 5

50 most cited of 109 All 109 (JSON)