mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

GAN Prior Embedded Network for Blind Face Restoration in the Wild

arXiv 2105.06070 ↗First posted 13 May 2021cs.CVcited by 197

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Cited by 58 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Blind face restoration (BFR) from severely degraded face images in the wild is a very challenging problem. Due to the high illness of the problem and the complex unknown degradation, directly training a deep neural network (DNN) usually cannot lead to acceptable results. Existing generative adversarial network (GAN) based methods can produce better results but tend to generate over-smoothed restorations. In this work, we propose a new method by first learning a GAN for high-quality face image generation and embedding it into a U-shaped DNN as a prior decoder, then fine-tuning the GAN prior embedded DNN with a set of synthesized low-quality face images. The GAN blocks are designed to ensure that the latent code and noise input to the GAN can be respectively generated from the deep and shallow features of the DNN, controlling the global face structure, local face details and background of the reconstructed image. The proposed GAN prior embedded network (GPEN) is easy-to-implement, and it can generate visually photo-realistic results. Our experiments demonstrated that the proposed GPEN achieves significantly superior results to state-of-the-art BFR methods both quantitatively and qualitatively, especially for the restoration of severely degraded face images in the wild. The source code and models can be found at https://github.com/yangxy/GPEN.

Key facts. Cited by 197 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 May 2021.

Builds on

37 of 52 references.

References · 37

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,177
  2. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6,013
  3. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,527
  4. 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,588
  5. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,988
  6. 2016Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolutioncited by 2,694
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  8. 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,162
  9. 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,908
  10. 2017Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-Resolutioncited by 1,552
  11. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,299
  12. 2017High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANscited by 1,179
25 more
  1. 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,039
  2. 2020Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 727
  3. 2019Image2StyleGAN: How to Embed Images Into the StyleGAN Latent Space?cited by 675
  4. 2018Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attentioncited by 580
  5. 2018Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutionscited by 505
  6. 2017DeblurGAN: Blind Motion Deblurring Using Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 367
  7. 2020PULSE: Self-Supervised Photo Upsampling via Latent Space Exploration of Generative Modelscited by 358
  8. 2017Toward Multimodal Image-to-Image Translationcited by 296
  9. 2018Toward Convolutional Blind Denoising of Real Photographscited by 274
  10. 2019DRIT++: Diverse Image-to-Image Translation via Disentangled Representationscited by 244
  11. 2019Image Processing Using Multi-Code GAN Priorcited by 185
  12. 2017FSRNet: End-to-End Learning Face Super-Resolution with Facial Priorscited by 170
  13. 2018Transferring GANs: generating images from limited datacited by 134
  14. 2019MineGAN: effective knowledge transfer from GANs to target domains with few imagescited by 106
  15. 2020Blind Face Restoration via Deep Multi-scale Component Dictionariescited by 106
  16. 2018Learning Warped Guidance for Blind Face Restorationcited by 87
  17. 2018Deep Semantic Face Deblurringcited by 80
  18. 2018Phase Retrieval Under a Generative Priorcited by 73
  19. 2019Progressive Face Super-Resolution via Attention to Facial Landmarkcited by 73
  20. 2020HiFaceGAN: Face Renovation via Collaborative Suppression and Replenishmentcited by 70
  21. 2019Exemplar Guided Face Image Super-Resolution without Facial Landmarkscited by 57
  22. 2017Super-FAN: Integrated facial landmark localization and super-resolution of real-world low resolution faces in arbitrary poses with GANscited by 55
  23. 2020Deep Face Super-Resolution with Iterative Collaboration between Attentive Recovery and Landmark Estimationcited by 53
  24. 2020Face Super-Resolution Guided by 3D Facial Priorscited by 38
  25. 2018High Quality Facial Surface and Texture Synthesis via Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 22

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 49; 2023: 51; 2024: 46; 2025: 29; 2026: 17.

197 papers.

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  1. 2022Zero-Shot Image Restoration Using Denoising Diffusion Null-Space Modelcited by 583
  2. 2023Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 489
  3. 2024Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wildcited by 286
  4. 2023DiffBIR: Towards Blind Image Restoration with Generative Diffusion Priorcited by 257
  5. 2023Pixel-Aware Stable Diffusion for Realistic Image Super-resolution and Personalized Stylizationcited by 254
  6. 2024One-Step Effective Diffusion Network for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 246
  7. 2022Towards Robust Blind Face Restoration with Codebook Lookup Transformercited by 231
  8. 2022VFHQ: A High-Quality Dataset and Benchmark for Video Face Super-Resolutioncited by 176
  9. 2021StyleGAN-NADA: CLIP-Guided Domain Adaptation of Image Generatorscited by 164
  10. 2022Pretraining is All You Need for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 160
  11. 2023Low-Light Image Enhancement with Wavelet-based Diffusion Modelscited by 127
  12. 2022VQFR: Blind Face Restoration with Vector-Quantized Dictionary and Parallel Decodercited by 116
38 more
  1. 2023Diffusion Models for Image Restoration and Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 109
  2. 2022VideoReTalking: Audio-based Lip Synchronization for Talking Head Video Editing In the Wildcited by 106
  3. 2022Real-World Blind Super-Resolution via Feature Matching with Implicit High-Resolution Priorscited by 100
  4. 2023AutoDIR: Automatic All-in-One Image Restoration with Latent Diffusioncited by 100
  5. 2022DifFace: Blind Face Restoration with Diffused Error Contractioncited by 97
  6. 2023StyleSync: High-Fidelity Generalized and Personalized Lip Sync in Style-based Generatorcited by 89
  7. 2023DR2: Diffusion-based Robust Degradation Remover for Blind Face Restorationcited by 79
  8. 2023Low-Light Image Enhancement via Structure Modeling and Guidancecited by 79
  9. 2022MetaPortrait: Identity-Preserving Talking Head Generation with Fast Personalized Adaptationcited by 69
  10. 2023OTAvatar: One-shot Talking Face Avatar with Controllable Tri-plane Renderingcited by 67
  11. 2023CoSeR: Bridging Image and Language for Cognitive Super-Resolutioncited by 66
  12. 2024DreamClear: High-Capacity Real-World Image Restoration with Privacy-Safe Dataset Curationcited by 65
  13. 2024Diffusion Models, Image Super-Resolution And Everything: A Surveycited by 64
  14. 2023Motion-Guided Latent Diffusion for Temporally Consistent Real-world Video Super-resolutioncited by 59
  15. 2021Towards Vivid and Diverse Image Colorization with Generative Color Priorcited by 55
  16. 2024Adversarial Diffusion Compression for Real-World Image Super-Resolutioncited by 52
  17. 2021JoJoGAN: One Shot Face Stylizationcited by 49
  18. 2023PGDiff: Guiding Diffusion Models for Versatile Face Restoration via Partial Guidancecited by 49
  19. 2022Learning Dual Memory Dictionaries for Blind Face Restorationcited by 40
  20. 2022GCFSR: a Generative and Controllable Face Super Resolution Method Without Facial and GAN Priorscited by 39
  21. 2022StyleSwap: Style-Based Generator Empowers Robust Face Swappingcited by 39
  22. 2025Harnessing Diffusion-Yielded Score Priors for Image Restorationcited by 36
  23. 2022BigColor: Colorization using a Generative Color Prior for Natural Imagescited by 34
  24. 2024Posterior-Mean Rectified Flow: Towards Minimum MSE Photo-Realistic Image Restorationcited by 34
  25. 2023RestoreFormer++: Towards Real-World Blind Face Restoration from Undegraded Key-Value Pairscited by 33
  26. 2024OSDFace: One-Step Diffusion Model for Face Restorationcited by 33
  27. 2024Holo-Relighting: Controllable Volumetric Portrait Relighting from a Single Imagecited by 32
  28. 2022One-Shot Adaptation of GAN in Just One CLIPcited by 31
  29. 2024Blind Image Restoration via Fast Diffusion Inversioncited by 30
  30. 2022Face Generation and Editing with StyleGAN: A Surveycited by 28
  31. 2022MyStyle: A Personalized Generative Priorcited by 26
  32. 2022IFQA: Interpretable Face Quality Assessmentcited by 24
  33. 2023Learning Generative Structure Prior for Blind Text Image Super-resolutioncited by 24
  34. 2023SPIRE: Semantic Prompt-Driven Image Restorationcited by 24
  35. 2022NeRFInvertor: High Fidelity NeRF-GAN Inversion for Single-shot Real Image Animationcited by 23
  36. 2023Dual Associated Encoder for Face Restorationcited by 23
  37. 2023Image Super-Resolution with Text Prompt Diffusioncited by 23
  38. 2022Going the Extra Mile in Face Image Quality Assessment: A Novel Database and Modelcited by 22

50 most cited of 197 All 197 (JSON)