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Deep Occlusion-Aware Instance Segmentation with Overlapping BiLayers

arXiv 2103.12340 ↗First posted 23 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 104

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Abstract (arXiv)

Segmenting highly-overlapping objects is challenging, because typically no distinction is made between real object contours and occlusion boundaries. Unlike previous two-stage instance segmentation methods, we model image formation as composition of two overlapping layers, and propose Bilayer Convolutional Network (BCNet), where the top GCN layer detects the occluding objects (occluder) and the bottom GCN layer infers partially occluded instance (occludee). The explicit modeling of occlusion relationship with bilayer structure naturally decouples the boundaries of both the occluding and occluded instances, and considers the interaction between them during mask regression. We validate the efficacy of bilayer decoupling on both one-stage and two-stage object detectors with different backbones and network layer choices. Despite its simplicity, extensive experiments on COCO and KINS show that our occlusion-aware BCNet achieves large and consistent performance gain especially for heavy occlusion cases. Code is available at https://github.com/lkeab/BCNet.

Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2021.

Builds on

48 of 64 references.

References · 48

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  3. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
  4. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  5. 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
  6. 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,579
  7. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  8. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,829
  9. 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,290
  10. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
  11. 2017Cascade R-CNN: Delving into High Quality Object Detectioncited by 1,275
  12. 2018Path Aggregation Network for Instance Segmentationcited by 796
36 more
  1. 2019Hybrid Task Cascade for Instance Segmentationcited by 479
  2. 2019YOLACT: Real-time Instance Segmentationcited by 441
  3. 2019SOLO: Segmenting Objects by Locationscited by 289
  4. 2019Mask Scoring R-CNNcited by 265
  5. 2018Videos as Space-Time Region Graphscited by 221
  6. 2019CenterMask : Real-Time Anchor-Free Instance Segmentationcited by 200
  7. 2019PolarMask: Single Shot Instance Segmentation with Polar Representationcited by 188
  8. 2020BlendMask: Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up for Instance Segmentationcited by 144
  9. 2014Hypercolumns for Object Segmentation and Fine-grained Localizationcited by 128
  10. 2016Fully Convolutional Instance-aware Semantic Segmentationcited by 122
  11. 2015Instance-aware Semantic Segmentation via Multi-task Network Cascadescited by 120
  12. 2018Graph-Based Global Reasoning Networkscited by 120
  13. 2015Semantic Amodal Segmentationcited by 102
  14. 2019TensorMask: A Foundation for Dense Object Segmentationcited by 101
  15. 2020Self-Supervised Scene De-occlusioncited by 96
  16. 2016Deep Watershed Transform for Instance Segmentationcited by 77
  17. 2020Boundary-preserving Mask R-CNNcited by 74
  18. 2016Learning to Refine Object Segmentscited by 67
  19. 2019AdaptIS: Adaptive Instance Selection Networkcited by 64
  20. 2016Amodal Instance Segmentationcited by 63
  21. 2017Repulsion Loss: Detecting Pedestrians in a Crowdcited by 62
  22. 2018Learning to See the Invisible: End-to-End Trainable Amodal Instance Segmentationcited by 62
  23. 2017SeGAN: Segmenting and Generating the Invisiblecited by 60
  24. 2019Dual Graph Convolutional Network for Semantic Segmentationcited by 59
  25. 2018Occlusion-aware R-CNN: Detecting Pedestrians in a Crowdcited by 58
  26. 2017Recurrent Pixel Embedding for Instance Groupingcited by 57
  27. 2017MaskLab: Instance Segmentation by Refining Object Detection with Semantic and Direction Featurescited by 54
  28. 2016InstanceCut: from Edges to Instances with MultiCutcited by 48
  29. 2019ShapeMask: Learning to Segment Novel Objects by Refining Shape Priorscited by 42
  30. 2019Learning Instance Occlusion for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 30
  31. 2020GSNet: Joint Vehicle Pose and Shape Reconstruction with Geometrical and Scene-aware Supervisioncited by 28
  32. 2018Affinity Derivation and Graph Merge for Instance Segmentationcited by 25
  33. 2019Visualizing the Invisible: Occluded Vehicle Segmentation and Recoverycited by 24
  34. 2017Pixelwise Instance Segmentation with a Dynamically Instantiated Networkcited by 20
  35. 2015Iterative Instance Segmentationcited by 19
  36. 2014Parsing Occluded People by Flexible Compositionscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 15; 2023: 17; 2024: 23; 2025: 20; 2026: 9.

104 papers.

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  1. 2023MOSE: A New Dataset for Video Object Segmentation in Complex Scenescited by 232
  2. 2021K-Net: Towards Unified Image Segmentationcited by 211
  3. 2021Instances as Queriescited by 157
  4. 2024pix2gestalt: Amodal Segmentation by Synthesizing Wholescited by 70
  5. 2021Mask Transfiner for High-Quality Instance Segmentationcited by 64
  6. 2025MOSEv2: A More Challenging Dataset for Video Object Segmentation in Complex Scenescited by 59
  7. 2025HoloPart: Generative 3D Part Amodal Segmentationcited by 57
  8. 2021Prototypical Cross-Attention Networks for Multiple Object Tracking and Segmentationcited by 43
  9. 2021Unseen Object Amodal Instance Segmentation via Hierarchical Occlusion Modelingcited by 43
  10. 2023Amodal Ground Truth and Completion in the Wildcited by 43
  11. 2022Amodal Panoptic Segmentationcited by 37
  12. 2022DeepSportradar-v1: Computer Vision Dataset for Sports Understanding with High Quality Annotationscited by 35
38 more
  1. 2022AISFormer: Amodal Instance Segmentation with Transformercited by 35
  2. 2021Instance-wise Occlusion and Depth Orders in Natural Scenescited by 31
  3. 2021Occlusion-Aware Video Object Inpaintingcited by 30
  4. 2023Robustness of SAM: Segment Anything Under Corruptions and Beyondcited by 30
  5. 2023Coarse-to-Fine Amodal Segmentation with Shape Priorcited by 29
  6. 2022Video Mask Transfiner for High-Quality Video Instance Segmentationcited by 28
  7. 2022Human Instance Matting via Mutual Guidance and Multi-Instance Refinementcited by 25
  8. 2023Learning Environment-Aware Affordance for 3D Articulated Object Manipulation under Occlusionscited by 23
  9. 2021Rank & Sort Loss for Object Detection and Instance Segmentationcited by 22
  10. 2021A Weakly Supervised Amodal Segmenter with Boundary Uncertainty Estimationcited by 21
  11. 2022A Tri-Layer Plugin to Improve Occluded Detectioncited by 21
  12. 2022Perceiving the Invisible: Proposal-Free Amodal Panoptic Segmentationcited by 20
  13. 2023Mask-Free Video Instance Segmentationcited by 20
  14. 2022ContrastMask: Contrastive Learning to Segment Every Thingcited by 19
  15. 2022Image Amodal Completion: A Surveycited by 18
  16. 2025HiScene: Creating Hierarchical 3D Scenes with Isometric View Generationcited by 18
  17. 2022Learning Equivariant Segmentation with Instance-Unique Queryingcited by 17
  18. 2024Object-level Scene Deocclusioncited by 17
  19. 2023DoNet: Deep De-overlapping Network for Cytology Instance Segmentationcited by 16
  20. 2024Using Diffusion Priors for Video Amodal Segmentationcited by 15
  21. 2021A Unified Efficient Pyramid Transformer for Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
  22. 2023MDQE: Mining Discriminative Query Embeddings to Segment Occluded Instances on Challenging Videoscited by 13
  23. 2023AmodalSynthDrive: A Synthetic Amodal Perception Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 13
  24. 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 13
  25. 2022Amodal Cityscapes: A New Dataset, its Generation, and an Amodal Semantic Segmentation Challenge Baselinecited by 12
  26. 2025LaRender: Training-Free Occlusion Control in Image Generation via Latent Renderingcited by 11
  27. 2024Trapped in texture bias? A large scale comparison of deep instance segmentationcited by 10
  28. 2025TACO: Taming Diffusion for in-the-wild Video Amodal Completioncited by 10
  29. 2025Vision-Language Model for Object Detection and Segmentation: A Review and Evaluationcited by 10
  30. 2021BI-GCN: Boundary-Aware Input-Dependent Graph Convolution Network for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 9
  31. 2023Rethinking Amodal Video Segmentation from Learning Supervised Signals with Object-centric Representationcited by 9
  32. 2021Benchmarking the Robustness of Instance Segmentation Modelscited by 8
  33. 2023PatchDCT: Patch Refinement for High Quality Instance Segmentationcited by 8
  34. 2024Object-level Geometric Structure Preserving for Natural Image Stitchingcited by 8
  35. 2025Beyond the Visible: Benchmarking Occlusion Perception in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 8
  36. 2021Weak-shot Semantic Segmentation by Transferring Semantic Affinity and Boundarycited by 7
  37. 2023O2RNet: Occluder-Occludee Relational Network for Robust Apple Detection in Clustered Orchard Environmentscited by 7
  38. 2025Segment Anything, Even Occludedcited by 7

50 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)