mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Coming Down to Earth: Satellite-to-Street View Synthesis for Geo-Localization

arXiv 2103.06818 ↗First posted 11 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 112

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Abstract (arXiv)

The goal of cross-view image based geo-localization is to determine the location of a given street view image by matching it against a collection of geo-tagged satellite images. This task is notoriously challenging due to the drastic viewpoint and appearance differences between the two domains. We show that we can address this discrepancy explicitly by learning to synthesize realistic street views from satellite inputs. Following this observation, we propose a novel multi-task architecture in which image synthesis and retrieval are considered jointly. The rationale behind this is that we can bias our network to learn latent feature representations that are useful for retrieval if we utilize them to generate images across the two input domains. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first approach that creates realistic street views from satellite images and localizes the corresponding query street-view simultaneously in an end-to-end manner. In our experiments, we obtain state-of-the-art performance on the CVUSA and CVACT benchmarks. Finally, we show compelling qualitative results for satellite-to-street view synthesis.

Key facts. Cited by 112 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2021.

Builds on

26 of 48 references.

References · 26

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  4. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  5. 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
  6. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  7. 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,290
  8. 2018Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,618
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  10. 2015NetVLAD: CNN architecture for weakly supervised place recognitioncited by 935
  11. 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
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14 more
  1. 2016Precomputed Real-Time Texture Synthesis with Markovian Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 192
  2. 2015Wide-Area Image Geolocalization with Aerial Reference Imagerycited by 185
  3. 2019Lending Orientation to Neural Networks for Cross-view Geo-localizationcited by 179
  4. 2020Where am I looking at? Joint Location and Orientation Estimation by Cross-View Matchingcited by 125
  5. 2019Bridging the Domain Gap for Ground-to-Aerial Image Matchingcited by 95
  6. 2016Localizing and Orienting Street Views Using Overhead Imagerycited by 93
  7. 2019Optimal Feature Transport for Cross-View Image Geo-Localizationcited by 90
  8. 2016Predicting Ground-Level Scene Layout from Aerial Imagerycited by 89
  9. 2020CIAGAN: Conditional Identity Anonymization Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 88
  10. 2018Cross-View Image Synthesis using Conditional GANscited by 69
  11. 2015Semantic Cross-View Matchingcited by 31
  12. 2018Cross-view image synthesis using geometry-guided conditional GANscited by 30
  13. 2018Generative Adversarial Frontal View to Bird View Synthesiscited by 25
  14. 2016Semantic Image Based Geolocation Given a Mapcited by 11

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 22; 2023: 24; 2024: 30; 2025: 18; 2026: 16.

112 papers.

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  1. 2023GeoCLIP: Clip-Inspired Alignment between Locations and Images for Effective Worldwide Geo-localizationcited by 185
  2. 2022TransGeo: Transformer Is All You Need for Cross-view Image Geo-localizationcited by 166
  3. 2021LENS: Localization enhanced by NeRF synthesiscited by 116
  4. 2023Sample4Geo: Hard Negative Sampling For Cross-View Geo-Localisationcited by 107
  5. 2023Street-View Image Generation from a Bird's-Eye View Layoutcited by 102
  6. 2022Beyond Cross-view Image Retrieval: Highly Accurate Vehicle Localization Using Satellite Imagecited by 88
  7. 2023Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Models without Annotations via Ground Remote Alignmentcited by 71
  8. 2022Cross-view Geo-localization via Learning Disentangled Geometric Layout Correspondencecited by 69
  9. 2022Where in the World is this Image? Transformer-based Geo-localization in the Wildcited by 58
  10. 2023Where We Are and What We're Looking At: Query Based Worldwide Image Geo-localization Using Hierarchies and Scenescited by 55
  11. 2023PIGEON: Predicting Image Geolocationscited by 55
  12. 2022Visual Cross-View Metric Localization with Dense Uncertainty Estimatescited by 48
38 more
  1. 2022Vision-Based UAV Self-Positioning in Low-Altitude Urban Environmentscited by 46
  2. 2022SliceMatch: Geometry-guided Aggregation for Cross-View Pose Estimationcited by 46
  3. 2023Boosting 3-DoF Ground-to-Satellite Camera Localization Accuracy via Geometry-Guided Cross-View Transformercited by 45
  4. 2022Accurate 3-DoF Camera Geo-Localization via Ground-to-Satellite Image Matchingcited by 44
  5. 2024Cross-view image geo-localization with Panorama-BEV Co-Retrieval Networkcited by 40
  6. 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
  7. 2023Simple, Effective and General: A New Backbone for Cross-view Image Geo-localizationcited by 36
  8. 2023Convolutional Cross-View Pose Estimationcited by 36
  9. 2022Cross-View Image Sequence Geo-localizationcited by 31
  10. 2024Unleashing Unlabeled Data: A Paradigm for Cross-View Geo-Localizationcited by 31
  11. 2023GeoDTR+: Toward generic cross-view geolocalization via geometric disentanglementcited by 27
  12. 2022CVLNet: Cross-View Semantic Correspondence Learning for Video-based Camera Localizationcited by 25
  13. 2024ConGeo: Robust Cross-view Geo-localization across Ground View Variationscited by 25
  14. 2023Learning Dense Flow Field for Highly-accurate Cross-view Camera Localizationcited by 24
  15. 2024Game4Loc: A UAV Geo-Localization Benchmark from Game Datacited by 24
  16. 2022GAMa: Cross-view Video Geo-localizationcited by 23
  17. 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesiscited by 23
  18. 2024CV-Cities: Advancing Cross-View Geo-Localization in Global Citiescited by 22
  19. 2022OmniCity: Omnipotent City Understanding with Multi-level and Multi-view Imagescited by 21
  20. 2022Satellite Image Based Cross-view Localization for Autonomous Vehiclecited by 19
  21. 2024SG-BEV: Satellite-Guided BEV Fusion for Cross-View Semantic Segmentationcited by 18
  22. 2024Multi-Level Embedding and Alignment Network with Consistency and Invariance Learning for Cross-View Geo-Localizationcited by 16
  23. 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
  24. 2023View Consistent Purification for Accurate Cross-View Localizationcited by 15
  25. 2024Cross-view geo-localization: a surveycited by 15
  26. 2024Weakly-supervised Camera Localization by Ground-to-satellite Image Registrationcited by 15
  27. 2023Cross-view Action Recognition Understanding From Exocentric to Egocentric Perspectivecited by 14
  28. 2024Adapting Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization to Areas without Fine Ground Truthcited by 14
  29. 2021Visual and Object Geo-localization: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 13
  30. 2023Beyond Geo-localization: Fine-grained Orientation of Street-view Images by Cross-view Matching with Satellite Imagery with Supplementary Materialscited by 13
  31. 2023U-BEV: Height-aware Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation and Neural Map-based Relocalizationcited by 13
  32. 2022Revisiting Near/Remote Sensing with Geospatial Attentioncited by 12
  33. 2024Leveraging BEV Paradigm for Ground-to-Aerial Image Synthesiscited by 11
  34. 2025GT-Loc: Unifying When and Where in Images Through a Joint Embedding Spacecited by 11
  35. 2023Cross-View Visual Geo-Localization for Outdoor Augmented Realitycited by 10
  36. 2023CrossLoc3D: Aerial-Ground Cross-Source 3D Place Recognitioncited by 10
  37. 2023C-BEV: Contrastive Bird's Eye View Training for Cross-View Image Retrieval and 3-DoF Pose Estimationcited by 10
  38. 2024CityGuessr: City-Level Video Geo-Localization on a Global Scalecited by 10

50 most cited of 112 All 112 (JSON)