Coming Down to Earth: Satellite-to-Street View Synthesis for Geo-Localization
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Abstract (arXiv)
The goal of cross-view image based geo-localization is to determine the location of a given street view image by matching it against a collection of geo-tagged satellite images. This task is notoriously challenging due to the drastic viewpoint and appearance differences between the two domains. We show that we can address this discrepancy explicitly by learning to synthesize realistic street views from satellite inputs. Following this observation, we propose a novel multi-task architecture in which image synthesis and retrieval are considered jointly. The rationale behind this is that we can bias our network to learn latent feature representations that are useful for retrieval if we utilize them to generate images across the two input domains. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first approach that creates realistic street views from satellite images and localizes the corresponding query street-view simultaneously in an end-to-end manner. In our experiments, we obtain state-of-the-art performance on the CVUSA and CVACT benchmarks. Finally, we show compelling qualitative results for satellite-to-street view synthesis.
Key facts. Cited by 112 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2021.
Builds on
26 of 48 references.
References · 26
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14 more
- 2016Precomputed Real-Time Texture Synthesis with Markovian Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 192
- 2015Wide-Area Image Geolocalization with Aerial Reference Imagerycited by 185
- 2019Lending Orientation to Neural Networks for Cross-view Geo-localizationcited by 179
- 2020Where am I looking at? Joint Location and Orientation Estimation by Cross-View Matchingcited by 125
- 2019Bridging the Domain Gap for Ground-to-Aerial Image Matchingcited by 95
- 2016Localizing and Orienting Street Views Using Overhead Imagerycited by 93
- 2019Optimal Feature Transport for Cross-View Image Geo-Localizationcited by 90
- 2016Predicting Ground-Level Scene Layout from Aerial Imagerycited by 89
- 2020CIAGAN: Conditional Identity Anonymization Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 88
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- 2016Semantic Image Based Geolocation Given a Mapcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 22; 2023: 24; 2024: 30; 2025: 18; 2026: 16.
112 papers.
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- 2023GeoCLIP: Clip-Inspired Alignment between Locations and Images for Effective Worldwide Geo-localizationcited by 185
- 2022TransGeo: Transformer Is All You Need for Cross-view Image Geo-localizationcited by 166
- 2021LENS: Localization enhanced by NeRF synthesiscited by 116
- 2023Sample4Geo: Hard Negative Sampling For Cross-View Geo-Localisationcited by 107
- 2023Street-View Image Generation from a Bird's-Eye View Layoutcited by 102
- 2022Beyond Cross-view Image Retrieval: Highly Accurate Vehicle Localization Using Satellite Imagecited by 88
- 2023Remote Sensing Vision-Language Foundation Models without Annotations via Ground Remote Alignmentcited by 71
- 2022Cross-view Geo-localization via Learning Disentangled Geometric Layout Correspondencecited by 69
- 2022Where in the World is this Image? Transformer-based Geo-localization in the Wildcited by 58
- 2023Where We Are and What We're Looking At: Query Based Worldwide Image Geo-localization Using Hierarchies and Scenescited by 55
- 2023PIGEON: Predicting Image Geolocationscited by 55
- 2022Visual Cross-View Metric Localization with Dense Uncertainty Estimatescited by 48
38 more
- 2022Vision-Based UAV Self-Positioning in Low-Altitude Urban Environmentscited by 46
- 2022SliceMatch: Geometry-guided Aggregation for Cross-View Pose Estimationcited by 46
- 2023Boosting 3-DoF Ground-to-Satellite Camera Localization Accuracy via Geometry-Guided Cross-View Transformercited by 45
- 2022Accurate 3-DoF Camera Geo-Localization via Ground-to-Satellite Image Matchingcited by 44
- 2024Cross-view image geo-localization with Panorama-BEV Co-Retrieval Networkcited by 40
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
- 2023Simple, Effective and General: A New Backbone for Cross-view Image Geo-localizationcited by 36
- 2023Convolutional Cross-View Pose Estimationcited by 36
- 2022Cross-View Image Sequence Geo-localizationcited by 31
- 2024Unleashing Unlabeled Data: A Paradigm for Cross-View Geo-Localizationcited by 31
- 2023GeoDTR+: Toward generic cross-view geolocalization via geometric disentanglementcited by 27
- 2022CVLNet: Cross-View Semantic Correspondence Learning for Video-based Camera Localizationcited by 25
- 2024ConGeo: Robust Cross-view Geo-localization across Ground View Variationscited by 25
- 2023Learning Dense Flow Field for Highly-accurate Cross-view Camera Localizationcited by 24
- 2024Game4Loc: A UAV Geo-Localization Benchmark from Game Datacited by 24
- 2022GAMa: Cross-view Video Geo-localizationcited by 23
- 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesiscited by 23
- 2024CV-Cities: Advancing Cross-View Geo-Localization in Global Citiescited by 22
- 2022OmniCity: Omnipotent City Understanding with Multi-level and Multi-view Imagescited by 21
- 2022Satellite Image Based Cross-view Localization for Autonomous Vehiclecited by 19
- 2024SG-BEV: Satellite-Guided BEV Fusion for Cross-View Semantic Segmentationcited by 18
- 2024Multi-Level Embedding and Alignment Network with Consistency and Invariance Learning for Cross-View Geo-Localizationcited by 16
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagerycited by 16
- 2023View Consistent Purification for Accurate Cross-View Localizationcited by 15
- 2024Cross-view geo-localization: a surveycited by 15
- 2024Weakly-supervised Camera Localization by Ground-to-satellite Image Registrationcited by 15
- 2023Cross-view Action Recognition Understanding From Exocentric to Egocentric Perspectivecited by 14
- 2024Adapting Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization to Areas without Fine Ground Truthcited by 14
- 2021Visual and Object Geo-localization: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 13
- 2023Beyond Geo-localization: Fine-grained Orientation of Street-view Images by Cross-view Matching with Satellite Imagery with Supplementary Materialscited by 13
- 2023U-BEV: Height-aware Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation and Neural Map-based Relocalizationcited by 13
- 2022Revisiting Near/Remote Sensing with Geospatial Attentioncited by 12
- 2024Leveraging BEV Paradigm for Ground-to-Aerial Image Synthesiscited by 11
- 2025GT-Loc: Unifying When and Where in Images Through a Joint Embedding Spacecited by 11
- 2023Cross-View Visual Geo-Localization for Outdoor Augmented Realitycited by 10
- 2023CrossLoc3D: Aerial-Ground Cross-Source 3D Place Recognitioncited by 10
- 2023C-BEV: Contrastive Bird's Eye View Training for Cross-View Image Retrieval and 3-DoF Pose Estimationcited by 10
- 2024CityGuessr: City-Level Video Geo-Localization on a Global Scalecited by 10
50 most cited of 112 All 112 (JSON)
- 2026CrossTimeEdit: A Decade-Spanning Cross-View Dataset and Reward-Guided Editing for Historical Street-View Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Pixel-wise Geo-registration of Drone and Satellite Images28 Aug 2026
- 2026Warp-free Cross-view Geo-localization via Feature-space Consensus Mining10 Aug 2026
- 2026DisasterTD: Disaster Toponym Disambiguation Using Multimodal LLMs and Cross-View Geolocalization26 Jul 2026
- 2026STEAM: Stable Self-Training with Elastic Matching and Adaptive Purification10 Jul 2026
- 2026CIPER: A Unified Framework for Cross-view Image-retrieval and Pose-estimation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Cross-View Splatter: Feed-Forward View Synthesis with Georeferenced Images19 May 2026
- 2026Sat3DGen: Comprehensive Street-Level 3D Scene Generation from Single Satellite Image14 May 2026
- 2026BGG: Bridging the Geometric Gap between Cross-View images by Vision Foundation Model Adaptation for Geo-Localization11 May 2026
- 2026InfoGeo: Information-Theoretic Object-Centric Learning for Cross-View Generalizable UAV Geo-Localization8 May 2026
- 2026GeoLink: A 3D-aware Framework to Improve Generalization for Cross-view Geo-localization14 Apr 2026
- 2026VidTAG: Temporally Aligned Video to GPS Geolocalization with Denoising Sequence Prediction at a Global Scale14 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026Unifying UAV Cross-View Geo-Localization via 3D Geometric Perception2 Apr 2026
- 2026Geo2: Geometry-Guided Cross-view Geo-Localization and Image Synthesis26 Mar 2026
- 2026Just Zoom In: Cross-View Geo-Localization via Autoregressive Zooming26 Mar 2026
- 2026MOGeo: Beyond One-to-One Cross-View Object Geo-localization14 Mar 2026
- 2025Lifting Vision: Ground to Aerial Localization with Reasoning Guided Planning30 Dec 2025
- 2025BEV-Patch-PF: Particle Filtering with BEV-Aerial Feature Matching for Off-Road Geo-Localization17 Dec 2025
- 2025CLNet: Cross-View Correspondence Makes a Stronger Geo-Localizationer16 Dec 2025
- 2025SATGround: A Spatially-Aware Approach for Visual Grounding in Remote Sensing9 Dec 2025
- 2025From Street to Orbit: Training-Free Cross-View Retrieval via Location Semantics and LLM Guidance12 Nov 2025
- 2025Object-aware graph matching network for cross-domain remote sensing image localization4 Nov 2025
- 2025Seeing the Unseen: Mask-Driven Positional Encoding and Strip-Convolution Context Modeling for Cross-View Object Geo-Localization23 Oct 2025
- 2025Skyfall-GS: Synthesizing Immersive 3D Urban Scenes from Satellite Imagery17 Oct 2025
- 2025From Satellite to Street: A Hybrid Framework Integrating Stable Diffusion and PanoGAN for Consistent Cross-View Synthesis29 Sep 2025
- 2025PAUL: Uncertainty-Guided Partition and Augmentation for Robust Cross-View Geo-Localization under Noisy Correspondence27 Aug 2025
- 2025Cross-View Localization via Redundant Sliced Observations and A-Contrario Validation7 Aug 2025
- 2025GT-Loc: Unifying When and Where in Images Through a Joint Embedding Space14 Jul 2025
- 2025Spatiotemporal Contrastive Learning for Cross-View Video Localization in Unstructured Off-road Terrains5 Jun 2025
- 2025STRMs: Spatial Temporal Reasoning Models for Vision-Based Localization Rivaling GPS Precision11 Mar 2025
- 2025From Limited Labels to Open Domains:An Efficient Learning Method for Drone-view Geo-Localization10 Mar 2025
- 2025PIDLoc: Cross-View Pose Optimization Network Inspired by PID Controllers4 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhancing Ground-to-Aerial Image Matching for Visual Misinformation Detection Using Semantic Segmentation10 Feb 2025
- 2025VAGeo: View-specific Attention for Cross-View Object Geo-Localization13 Jan 2025
- 2024Multi-Level Embedding and Alignment Network with Consistency and Invariance Learning for Cross-View Geo-Localization19 Dec 2024
- 2024Scale-adaptive UAV Geo-localization via Height-aware Partition Learning16 Dec 2024
- 2024Cross-View Geo-Localization with Street-View and VHR Satellite Imagery in Decentrality Settings16 Dec 2024
- 2024Geometry-guided Cross-view Diffusion for One-to-many Cross-view Image Synthesis4 Dec 2024
- 2024AerialGo: Walking-through City View Generation from Aerial Perspectives29 Nov 2024
- 2024PEnG: Pose-Enhanced Geo-Localisation24 Nov 2024
- 2024CV-Cities: Advancing Cross-View Geo-Localization in Global Cities19 Nov 2024
- 2024CityGuessr: City-Level Video Geo-Localization on a Global Scale10 Nov 2024
- 2024Personalized Federated Learning for Cross-view Geo-localization7 Nov 2024
- 2024Egocentric and Exocentric Methods: A Short Survey27 Oct 2024
- 2024Game4Loc: A UAV Geo-Localization Benchmark from Game Data25 Sep 2024
- 2024Skyeyes: Ground Roaming using Aerial View Images25 Sep 2024
- 2024SpaGBOL: Spatial-Graph-Based Orientated Localisation23 Sep 2024
- 2024Weakly-supervised Camera Localization by Ground-to-satellite Image Registration10 Sep 2024
- 2024Temporal Attention for Cross-View Sequential Image Localization28 Aug 2024
- 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesis27 Aug 2024
50 newest of 112 All 112 (JSON)
- 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesiscited by 23
- 2024Leveraging BEV Paradigm for Ground-to-Aerial Image Synthesiscited by 11
- 2023Aerial Diffusion: Text Guided Ground-to-Aerial View Translation from a Single Image using Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2024Mixed-View Panorama Synthesis using Geospatially Guided Diffusioncited by 4
- 2025From Satellite to Street: A Hybrid Framework Integrating Stable Diffusion and PanoGAN for Consistent Cross-View Synthesiscited by 0
- 2025From Satellite to Street: A Hybrid Framework Integrating Stable Diffusion and PanoGAN for Consistent Cross-View Synthesis29 Sep 2025
- 2024CrossViewDiff: A Cross-View Diffusion Model for Satellite-to-Street View Synthesis27 Aug 2024
- 2024Leveraging BEV Paradigm for Ground-to-Aerial Image Synthesis3 Aug 2024
- 2024Mixed-View Panorama Synthesis using Geospatially Guided Diffusion12 Jul 2024
- 2023Aerial Diffusion: Text Guided Ground-to-Aerial View Translation from a Single Image using Diffusion Models15 Mar 2023
- 2023GeoCLIP: Clip-Inspired Alignment between Locations and Images for Effective Worldwide Geo-localizationcited by 185
- 2022TransGeo: Transformer Is All You Need for Cross-view Image Geo-localizationcited by 166
- 2021LENS: Localization enhanced by NeRF synthesiscited by 116
- 2023Sample4Geo: Hard Negative Sampling For Cross-View Geo-Localisationcited by 107
- 2023Street-View Image Generation from a Bird's-Eye View Layoutcited by 102
- 2022Beyond Cross-view Image Retrieval: Highly Accurate Vehicle Localization Using Satellite Imagecited by 88
- 2022Cross-view Geo-localization via Learning Disentangled Geometric Layout Correspondencecited by 69
- 2022Where in the World is this Image? Transformer-based Geo-localization in the Wildcited by 58
- 2023Where We Are and What We're Looking At: Query Based Worldwide Image Geo-localization Using Hierarchies and Scenescited by 55
- 2023PIGEON: Predicting Image Geolocationscited by 55
- 2022Visual Cross-View Metric Localization with Dense Uncertainty Estimatescited by 48
- 2022Vision-Based UAV Self-Positioning in Low-Altitude Urban Environmentscited by 46
12 most cited of 104 All 104 (JSON)
- 2026CrossTimeEdit: A Decade-Spanning Cross-View Dataset and Reward-Guided Editing for Historical Street-View Generation29 Sep 2026
- 2026Pixel-wise Geo-registration of Drone and Satellite Images28 Aug 2026
- 2026Warp-free Cross-view Geo-localization via Feature-space Consensus Mining10 Aug 2026
- 2026DisasterTD: Disaster Toponym Disambiguation Using Multimodal LLMs and Cross-View Geolocalization26 Jul 2026
- 2026STEAM: Stable Self-Training with Elastic Matching and Adaptive Purification10 Jul 2026
- 2026CIPER: A Unified Framework for Cross-view Image-retrieval and Pose-estimation3 Jun 2026
- 2026Cross-View Splatter: Feed-Forward View Synthesis with Georeferenced Images19 May 2026
- 2026Sat3DGen: Comprehensive Street-Level 3D Scene Generation from Single Satellite Image14 May 2026
- 2026BGG: Bridging the Geometric Gap between Cross-View images by Vision Foundation Model Adaptation for Geo-Localization11 May 2026
- 2026InfoGeo: Information-Theoretic Object-Centric Learning for Cross-View Generalizable UAV Geo-Localization8 May 2026
- 2026GeoLink: A 3D-aware Framework to Improve Generalization for Cross-view Geo-localization14 Apr 2026
- 2026VidTAG: Temporally Aligned Video to GPS Geolocalization with Denoising Sequence Prediction at a Global Scale14 Apr 2026
12 newest of 104 All 104 (JSON)