SDD-FIQA: Unsupervised Face Image Quality Assessment with Similarity Distribution Distance
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Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years, Face Image Quality Assessment (FIQA) has become an indispensable part of the face recognition system to guarantee the stability and reliability of recognition performance in an unconstrained scenario. For this purpose, the FIQA method should consider both the intrinsic property and the recognizability of the face image. Most previous works aim to estimate the sample-wise embedding uncertainty or pair-wise similarity as the quality score, which only considers the information from partial intra-class. However, these methods ignore the valuable information from the inter-class, which is for estimating to the recognizability of face image. In this work, we argue that a high-quality face image should be similar to its intra-class samples and dissimilar to its inter-class samples. Thus, we propose a novel unsupervised FIQA method that incorporates Similarity Distribution Distance for Face Image Quality Assessment (SDD-FIQA). Our method generates quality pseudo-labels by calculating the Wasserstein Distance (WD) between the intra-class similarity distributions and inter-class similarity distributions. With these quality pseudo-labels, we are capable of training a regression network for quality prediction. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed SDD-FIQA surpasses the state-of-the-arts by an impressive margin. Meanwhile, our method shows good generalization across different recognition systems.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Mar 2021.
Builds on
12 of 32 references.
References · 12
- 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,833
- 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 968
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
- 2014Learning Face Representation from Scratchcited by 451
- 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
- 2019Probabilistic Face Embeddingscited by 171
- 2020SER-FIQ: Unsupervised Estimation of Face Image Quality Based on Stochastic Embedding Robustnesscited by 111
- 2020Face Image Quality Assessment: A Literature Surveycited by 79
- 2019FaceQnet: Quality Assessment for Face Recognition based on Deep Learningcited by 61
- 2020Biometric Quality: Review and Application to Face Recognition with FaceQnetcited by 41
- 2020Face Quality Estimation and Its Correlation to Demographic and Non-Demographic Bias in Face Recognitioncited by 31
- 2013Patch-based Probabilistic Image Quality Assessment for Face Selection and Improved Video-based Face Recognitioncited by 13
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 12; 2023: 8; 2024: 16; 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
63 papers.
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- 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 68
- 2023FaceTalk: Audio-Driven Motion Diffusion for Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 55
- 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022IFQA: Interpretable Face Quality Assessmentcited by 24
- 2023DifFIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 22
- 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Explorationcited by 17
- 2024DSL-FIQA: Assessing Facial Image Quality via Dual-Set Degradation Learning and Landmark-Guided Transformercited by 17
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimationcited by 16
- 2021Pixel-Level Face Image Quality Assessment for Explainable Face Recognitioncited by 14
- 2023Perceptual Quality Assessment of Face Video Compression: A Benchmark and An Effective Methodcited by 14
- 2024PromptIQA: Boosting the Performance and Generalization for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment via Promptscited by 14
- 2023An Image Quality Assessment Dataset for Portraitscited by 13
38 more
- 2025FVQ: A Large-Scale Dataset and an LMM-based Method for Face Video Quality Assessmentcited by 13
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 2021A Deep Insight into Measuring Face Image Utility with General and Face-specific Image Quality Metricscited by 12
- 2024GraFIQs: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Gradient Magnitudescited by 12
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024F-Bench: Rethinking Human Preference Evaluation Metrics for Benchmarking Face Generation, Customization, and Restorationcited by 10
- 2022Stating Comparison Score Uncertainty and Verification Decision Confidence Towards Transparent Face Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence Meets Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Surveycited by 9
- 2022Face Morphing Attacks and Face Image Quality: The Effect of Morphing and the Unsupervised Attack Detection by Qualitycited by 8
- 2024Dual-Branch Network for Portrait Image Quality Assessmentcited by 8
- 2021Explainability of the Implications of Supervised and Unsupervised Face Image Quality Estimations Through Activation Map Variation Analyses in Face Recognition Modelscited by 7
- 2022The Impact of Racial Distribution in Training Data on Face Recognition Bias: A Closer Lookcited by 7
- 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformerscited by 7
- 2024Towards Real-world Video Face Restoration: A New Benchmarkcited by 6
- 2022HVS Revisited: A Comprehensive Video Quality Assessment Frameworkcited by 5
- 2022Assessing Bias in Face Image Quality Assessmentcited by 5
- 2024Multimodal Informative ViT: Information Aggregation and Distribution for Hyperspectral and LiDAR Classificationcited by 5
- 2025Gamma: Toward Generic Image Assessment with Mixture of Assessment Expertscited by 5
- 2023Optimization-Based Improvement of Face Image Quality Assessment Techniquescited by 4
- 2024Beyond Fixed Topologies: Unregistered Training and Comprehensive Evaluation Metrics for 3D Talking Headscited by 4
- 2025FROQ: Observing Face Recognition Models for Efficient Quality Assessmentcited by 4
- 2026ViTNT-FIQA: Training-Free Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformerscited by 4
- 2022SD-GAN: Semantic Decomposition for Face Image Synthesis with Discrete Attributecited by 3
- 2022A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Eracited by 3
- 2025Efficient Face Image Quality Assessment via Self-training and Knowledge Distillationcited by 3
- 2022Impact of Face Image Quality Estimation on Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 2
- 2025StableMorph: High-Quality Face Morph Generation with Stable Diffusioncited by 2
- 2023Blind Image Quality Assessment: A Brief Surveycited by 1
- 2024IG-FIQA: Improving Face Image Quality Assessment through Intra-class Variance Guidance robust to Inaccurate Pseudo-Labelscited by 1
- 2024AI-KD: Towards Alignment Invariant Face Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
- 2024Rank-based No-reference Quality Assessment for Face Swappingcited by 1
- 2024Fairness measures for biometric quality assessmentcited by 1
- 2024Machine vision-aware quality metrics for compressed image and video assessmentcited by 1
- 2024Impact of Face Alignment on Face Image Qualitycited by 1
- 2025MSPT: A Lightweight Face Image Quality Assessment Method with Multi-stage Progressive Trainingcited by 1
- 2025TransFIRA: Transfer Learning for Face Image Recognizability Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026Surveillance Facial Image Quality Assessment: A Multi-dimensional Dataset and Lightweight Modelcited by 1
- 2022Iterative Optimization of Pseudo Ground-Truth Face Image Quality Labelscited by 0
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026AFID: A Unified Open Framework for Automated Fingermark Identification, Quality Assessment and Feature Extraction7 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Error-vs-Discard Characteristic: Toward Stable and Reliable Evaluation for Face Image Quality Assessment23 Jul 2026
- 2026SteerFace: Debiasing Synthetic Face Generation via Adaptive Residue Perturbation29 May 2026
- 2026Employing Vision-Language Models for Face Image Quality Assessment17 May 2026
- 2026PreFIQs: Face Image Quality Is What Survives Pruning13 May 2026
- 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026EX-FIQA: Leveraging Intermediate Early eXit Representations from Vision Transformers for Face Image Quality Assessment21 Apr 2026
- 2026ATTN-FIQA: Interpretable Attention-based Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers21 Apr 2026
- 2026Surveillance Facial Image Quality Assessment: A Multi-dimensional Dataset and Lightweight Model7 Feb 2026
- 2026ViTNT-FIQA: Training-Free Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers9 Jan 2026
- 2025StableMorph: High-Quality Face Morph Generation with Stable Diffusion11 Nov 2025
- 2025TransFIRA: Transfer Learning for Face Image Recognizability Assessment7 Oct 2025
38 more
- 2025FROQ: Observing Face Recognition Models for Efficient Quality Assessment22 Sep 2025
- 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformers19 Aug 2025
- 2025MSPT: A Lightweight Face Image Quality Assessment Method with Multi-stage Progressive Training11 Aug 2025
- 2025A Lightweight Face Quality Assessment Framework to Improve Face Verification Performance in Real-Time Screening Applications21 Jul 2025
- 2025Efficient Face Image Quality Assessment via Self-training and Knowledge Distillation21 Jul 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
- 2025FVQ: A Large-Scale Dataset and an LMM-based Method for Face Video Quality Assessment12 Apr 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2025Gamma: Toward Generic Image Assessment with Mixture of Assessment Experts9 Mar 2025
- 2025Facial Attractiveness Prediction in Live Streaming: A New Benchmark and Multi-modal Method5 Jan 2025
- 2024F-Bench: Rethinking Human Preference Evaluation Metrics for Benchmarking Face Generation, Customization, and Restoration17 Dec 2024
- 2024Impact of Face Alignment on Face Image Quality16 Dec 2024
- 2024Machine vision-aware quality metrics for compressed image and video assessment11 Nov 2024
- 2024Generative Artificial Intelligence Meets Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Survey5 Nov 2024
- 2024Beyond Fixed Topologies: Unregistered Training and Comprehensive Evaluation Metrics for 3D Talking Heads14 Oct 2024
- 2024Fairness measures for biometric quality assessment21 Aug 2024
- 2024DSL-FIQA: Assessing Facial Image Quality via Dual-Set Degradation Learning and Landmark-Guided Transformer13 Jun 2024
- 2024Rank-based No-reference Quality Assessment for Face Swapping4 Jun 2024
- 2024Dual-Branch Network for Portrait Image Quality Assessment14 May 2024
- 2024Towards Real-world Video Face Restoration: A New Benchmark30 Apr 2024
- 2024GraFIQs: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Gradient Magnitudes18 Apr 2024
- 2024AI-KD: Towards Alignment Invariant Face Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillation15 Apr 2024
- 2024IG-FIQA: Improving Face Image Quality Assessment through Intra-class Variance Guidance robust to Inaccurate Pseudo-Labels13 Mar 2024
- 2024AS-FIBA: Adaptive Selective Frequency-Injection for Backdoor Attack on Deep Face Restoration11 Mar 2024
- 2024PromptIQA: Boosting the Performance and Generalization for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment via Prompts8 Mar 2024
- 2024Multimodal Informative ViT: Information Aggregation and Distribution for Hyperspectral and LiDAR Classification6 Jan 2024
- 2023Blind Image Quality Assessment: A Brief Survey27 Dec 2023
- 2023FaceTalk: Audio-Driven Motion Diffusion for Neural Parametric Head Models13 Dec 2023
- 2023Sampling From Autoencoders' Latent Space via Quantization And Probability Mass Function Concepts21 Aug 2023
- 2023Optimization-Based Improvement of Face Image Quality Assessment Techniques24 May 2023
- 2023DifFIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models9 May 2023
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimation20 Apr 2023
- 2023Perceptual Quality Assessment of Face Video Compression: A Benchmark and An Effective Method14 Apr 2023
- 2023An Image Quality Assessment Dataset for Portraits12 Apr 2023
- 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Exploration5 Dec 2022
- 2022Assessing Bias in Face Image Quality Assessment28 Nov 2022
- 2022The Impact of Racial Distribution in Training Data on Face Recognition Bias: A Closer Look26 Nov 2022
- 2022IFQA: Interpretable Face Quality Assessment14 Nov 2022
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 68
- 2023FaceTalk: Audio-Driven Motion Diffusion for Neural Parametric Head Modelscited by 55
- 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022IFQA: Interpretable Face Quality Assessmentcited by 24
- 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Explorationcited by 17
- 2024DSL-FIQA: Assessing Facial Image Quality via Dual-Set Degradation Learning and Landmark-Guided Transformercited by 17
- 2023Recognizability Embedding Enhancement for Very Low-Resolution Face Recognition and Quality Estimationcited by 16
- 2021Pixel-Level Face Image Quality Assessment for Explainable Face Recognitioncited by 14
- 2023Perceptual Quality Assessment of Face Video Compression: A Benchmark and An Effective Methodcited by 14
- 2024PromptIQA: Boosting the Performance and Generalization for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment via Promptscited by 14
- 2023An Image Quality Assessment Dataset for Portraitscited by 13
- 2025FVQ: A Large-Scale Dataset and an LMM-based Method for Face Video Quality Assessmentcited by 13
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026AFID: A Unified Open Framework for Automated Fingermark Identification, Quality Assessment and Feature Extraction7 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Error-vs-Discard Characteristic: Toward Stable and Reliable Evaluation for Face Image Quality Assessment23 Jul 2026
- 2026SteerFace: Debiasing Synthetic Face Generation via Adaptive Residue Perturbation29 May 2026
- 2026PreFIQs: Face Image Quality Is What Survives Pruning13 May 2026
- 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026EX-FIQA: Leveraging Intermediate Early eXit Representations from Vision Transformers for Face Image Quality Assessment21 Apr 2026
- 2026ATTN-FIQA: Interpretable Attention-based Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers21 Apr 2026
- 2026Surveillance Facial Image Quality Assessment: A Multi-dimensional Dataset and Lightweight Model7 Feb 2026
- 2026ViTNT-FIQA: Training-Free Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers9 Jan 2026
- 2025TransFIRA: Transfer Learning for Face Image Recognizability Assessment7 Oct 2025
- 2025FROQ: Observing Face Recognition Models for Efficient Quality Assessment22 Sep 2025
- 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformers19 Aug 2025
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)