mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis- and Disinformation Identification

arXiv 2103.00242 ↗First posted 27 Feb 2021cs.CL cs.SIcited by 75

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Abstract (arXiv)

Understanding attitudes expressed in texts, also known as stance detection, plays an important role in systems for detecting false information online, be it misinformation (unintentionally false) or disinformation (intentionally false information). Stance detection has been framed in different ways, including (a) as a component of fact-checking, rumour detection, and detecting previously fact-checked claims, or (b) as a task in its own right. While there have been prior efforts to contrast stance detection with other related tasks such as argumentation mining and sentiment analysis, there is no existing survey on examining the relationship between stance detection and mis- and disinformation detection. Here, we aim to bridge this gap by reviewing and analysing existing work in this area, with mis- and disinformation in focus, and discussing lessons learnt and future challenges.

Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 78 of its 158 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2021.

Builds on

78 of 158 references.

References · 78

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38 more
  1. 2017"Liar, Liar Pants on Fire": A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News Detectioncited by 361
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  13. 2016Stance Detection with Bidirectional Conditional Encodingcited by 93
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50 most cited of 78 All 78 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 17; 2025: 10; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
  2. 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 173
  3. 2021FEVEROUS: Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured informationcited by 166
  4. 2024Factual Confidence of LLMs: on Reliability and Robustness of Current Estimatorscited by 59
  5. 2021ExplaGraphs: An Explanation Graph Generation Task for Structured Commonsense Reasoningcited by 58
  6. 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
  7. 2023Scientific Fact-Checking: A Survey of Resources and Approachescited by 53
  8. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
  9. 2023Faithful Explanations of Black-box NLP Models Using LLM-generated Counterfactualscited by 44
  10. 2024Y Social: an LLM-powered Social Media Digital Twincited by 43
  11. 2024Claim Detection for Automated Fact-checking: A Survey on Monolingual, Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Researchcited by 35
  12. 2021Misinfo Reaction Frames: Reasoning about Readers' Reactions to News Headlinescited by 32
38 more
  1. 2021Cross-Domain Label-Adaptive Stance Detectioncited by 30
  2. 2025Show Me the Work: Fact-Checkers' Requirements for Explainable Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 29
  3. 2021Few-Shot Cross-Lingual Stance Detection with Sentiment-Based Pre-Trainingcited by 28
  4. 2023Support or Refute: Analyzing the Stance of Evidence to Detect Out-of-Context Mis- and Disinformationcited by 21
  5. 2021NewsClaims: A New Benchmark for Claim Detection from News with Attribute Knowledgecited by 20
  6. 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memescited by 20
  7. 2023Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Reviewcited by 20
  8. 2023The Intended Uses of Automated Fact-Checking Artefacts: Why, How and Whocited by 19
  9. 2022Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabiccited by 18
  10. 2024The Power of LLM-Generated Synthetic Data for Stance Detection in Online Political Discussionscited by 16
  11. 2021Findings of the NLP4IF-2021 Shared Tasks on Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic and Censorship Detectioncited by 14
  12. 2022Natural Logic-guided Autoregressive Multi-hop Document Retrieval for Fact Verificationcited by 11
  13. 2022Monant Medical Misinformation Dataset: Mapping Articles to Fact-Checked Claimscited by 10
  14. 2026DeepFact: Co-Evolving Benchmarks and Agents for Deep Research Factualitycited by 10
  15. 2021Is Stance Detection Topic-Independent and Cross-topic Generalizable? -- A Reproduction Studycited by 9
  16. 2022CrowdChecked: Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claims in Social Mediacited by 9
  17. 2023AQE: Argument Quadruplet Extraction via a Quad-Tagging Augmented Generative Approachcited by 9
  18. 2023Human-centered NLP Fact-checking: Co-Designing with Fact-checkers using Matchmaking for AIcited by 9
  19. 2021AraStance: A Multi-Country and Multi-Domain Dataset of Arabic Stance Detection for Fact Checkingcited by 8
  20. 2021Semi-Supervised Exaggeration Detection of Health Science Press Releasescited by 8
  21. 2022Stanceosaurus: Classifying Stance Towards Multilingual Misinformationcited by 8
  22. 2023Detecting Check-Worthy Claims in Political Debates, Speeches, and Interviews Using Audio Datacited by 7
  23. 2024MultiClimate: Multimodal Stance Detection on Climate Change Videoscited by 7
  24. 2024ORCHID: A Chinese Debate Corpus for Target-Independent Stance Detection and Argumentative Dialogue Summarizationcited by 6
  25. 2023Identifying Informational Sources in News Articlescited by 5
  26. 2024Chain of Stance: Stance Detection with Large Language Modelscited by 5
  27. 2024On the Risk of Evidence Pollution for Malicious Social Text Detection in the Era of LLMscited by 5
  28. 2025Limited Effectiveness of LLM-based Data Augmentation for COVID-19 Misinformation Stance Detectioncited by 5
  29. 2025Large Language Models Meet Stance Detection: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directionscited by 5
  30. 2021Capturing Stance Dynamics in Social Media: Open Challenges and Research Directionscited by 4
  31. 2023Topic-Guided Sampling For Data-Efficient Multi-Domain Stance Detectioncited by 4
  32. 2024Collaborative Knowledge Infusion for Low-resource Stance Detectioncited by 4
  33. 2024Monolingual and Multilingual Misinformation Detection for Low-Resource Languages: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 4
  34. 2021WhatTheWikiFact: Fact-Checking Claims Against Wikipediacited by 3
  35. 2024SQBC: Active Learning using LLM-Generated Synthetic Data for Stance Detection in Online Political Discussionscited by 3
  36. 2022Detecting the Role of an Entity in Harmful Memes: Techniques and Their Limitationscited by 2
  37. 2023Why Should This Article Be Deleted? Transparent Stance Detection in Multilingual Wikipedia Editor Discussionscited by 2
  38. 2024Scope of Large Language Models for Mining Emerging Opinions in Online Health Discoursecited by 2

50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)