mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Fact-Checking Meets Fauxtography: Verifying Claims About Images

arXiv 1908.11722 ↗First posted 30 Aug 2019cs.CL cs.AI cs.CVcited by 52

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Abstract (arXiv)

The recent explosion of false claims in social media and on the Web in general has given rise to a lot of manual fact-checking initiatives. Unfortunately, the number of claims that need to be fact-checked is several orders of magnitude larger than what humans can handle manually. Thus, there has been a lot of research aiming at automating the process. Interestingly, previous work has largely ignored the growing number of claims about images. This is despite the fact that visual imagery is more influential than text and naturally appears alongside fake news. Here we aim at bridging this gap. In particular, we create a new dataset for this problem, and we explore a variety of features modeling the claim, the image, and the relationship between the claim and the image. The evaluation results show sizable improvements over the baseline. We release our dataset, hoping to enable further research on fact-checking claims about images.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Aug 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 17; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2021A Survey on Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 376
  2. 2021Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkerscited by 144
  3. 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
  4. 2021A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis- and Disinformation Identificationcited by 75
  5. 2024SNIFFER: Multimodal Large Language Model for Explainable Out-of-Context Misinformation Detectioncited by 73
  6. 2021Open-Domain, Content-based, Multi-modal Fact-checking of Out-of-Context Images via Online Resourcescited by 71
  7. 2023Multimodal Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 51
  8. 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
  9. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
  10. 2024DEFAME: Dynamic Evidence-based FAct-checking with Multimodal Expertscited by 42
  11. 2021N24News: A New Dataset for Multimodal News Classificationcited by 40
  12. 2023VERITE: A Robust Benchmark for Multimodal Misinformation Detection Accounting for Unimodal Biascited by 37
38 more
  1. 2023Reading and Reasoning over Chart Images for Evidence-based Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 34
  2. 2021COSMOS: Catching Out-of-Context Misinformation with Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
  3. 2023Factify 2: A Multimodal Fake News and Satire News Datasetcited by 23
  4. 2024Multimodal Misinformation Detection using Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 21
  5. 2021FakeFlow: Fake News Detection by Modeling the Flow of Affective Informationcited by 20
  6. 2021A Survey on Predicting the Factuality and the Bias of News Mediacited by 20
  7. 2025AVerImaTeC: A Dataset for Automatic Verification of Image-Text Claims with Evidence from the Webcited by 17
  8. 2024Multimodal Large Language Models to Support Real-World Fact-Checkingcited by 13
  9. 2024Piecing It All Together: Verifying Multi-Hop Multimodal Claimscited by 12
  10. 2021Dataset of Fake News Detection and Fact Verification: A Surveycited by 11
  11. 2024MetaSumPerceiver: Multimodal Multi-Document Evidence Summarization for Fact-Checkingcited by 10
  12. 2023A Template Is All You Memecited by 9
  13. 2021SciClops: Detecting and Contextualizing Scientific Claims for Assisting Manual Fact-Checkingcited by 8
  14. 2022Autonomation, Not Automation: Activities and Needs of European Fact-checkers as a Basis for Designing Human-Centered AI Systemscited by 7
  15. 2023Specious Sites: Tracking the Spread and Sway of Spurious News Stories at Scalecited by 7
  16. 2025M4FC: a Multimodal, Multilingual, Multicultural, Multitask Real-World Fact-Checking Datasetcited by 7
  17. 2021On the Role of Images for Analyzing Claims in Social Mediacited by 6
  18. 2021Studying Fake News Spreading, Polarisation Dynamics, and Manipulation by Bots: a Tale of Networks and Languagecited by 6
  19. 2022MM-Claims: A Dataset for Multimodal Claim Detection in Social Mediacited by 6
  20. 2022GREENER: Graph Neural Networks for News Media Profilingcited by 6
  21. 2025XFacta: Contemporary, Real-World Dataset and Evaluation for Multimodal Misinformation Detection with Multimodal LLMscited by 6
  22. 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatarcited by 5
  23. 2022Active PETs: Active Data Annotation Prioritisation for Few-Shot Claim Verification with Pattern Exploiting Trainingcited by 5
  24. 2026VeriTaS: The First Dynamic Benchmark for Multimodal Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 5
  25. 2024Exposing Text-Image Inconsistency Using Diffusion Modelscited by 4
  26. 2025HintsOfTruth: A Multimodal Checkworthiness Detection Dataset with Real and Synthetic Claimscited by 4
  27. 2022IMCI: Integrate Multi-view Contextual Information for Fact Extraction and Verificationcited by 3
  28. 2024"Image, Tell me your story!" Predicting the original meta-context of visual misinformationcited by 3
  29. 2021Like Article, Like Audience: Enforcing Multimodal Correlations for Disinformation Detectioncited by 2
  30. 2025Latent Reconstruction from Generated Data for Multimodal Misinformation Detectioncited by 1
  31. 2025MultiCheck: Strengthening Web Trust with Unified Multimodal Fact Verificationcited by 1
  32. 2025ShortCheck: Checkworthiness Detection of Multilingual Short-Form Videoscited by 1
  33. 2026The Synthetic Media Shift: Tracking the Rise, Virality, and Detectability of AI-Generated Multimodal Misinformationcited by 1
  34. 2021A Review of Web Infodemic Analysis and Detection Trends across Multi-modalities using Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
  35. 2021Logically at Factify 2022: Multimodal Fact Verificationcited by 0
  36. 2025Trustworthy LLM-Mediated Communication: Evaluating Information Fidelity in LLM as a Communicator (LAAC) Framework in Multiple Application Domainscited by 0
  37. 2026ClaimPT: A Portuguese Dataset of Annotated Claims in News Articlescited by 0
  38. 2026Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Adaptive Multimodal Fact-Checking with Visual Evidence Necessitycited by 0

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