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ExplaGraphs: An Explanation Graph Generation Task for Structured Commonsense Reasoning

arXiv 2104.07644 ↗First posted 15 Apr 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 58

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent commonsense-reasoning tasks are typically discriminative in nature, where a model answers a multiple-choice question for a certain context. Discriminative tasks are limiting because they fail to adequately evaluate the model's ability to reason and explain predictions with underlying commonsense knowledge. They also allow such models to use reasoning shortcuts and not be "right for the right reasons". In this work, we present ExplaGraphs, a new generative and structured commonsense-reasoning task (and an associated dataset) of explanation graph generation for stance prediction. Specifically, given a belief and an argument, a model has to predict if the argument supports or counters the belief and also generate a commonsense-augmented graph that serves as non-trivial, complete, and unambiguous explanation for the predicted stance. We collect explanation graphs through a novel Create-Verify-And-Refine graph collection framework that improves the graph quality (up to 90%) via multiple rounds of verification and refinement. A significant 79% of our graphs contain external commonsense nodes with diverse structures and reasoning depths. Next, we propose a multi-level evaluation framework, consisting of automatic metrics and human evaluation, that check for the structural and semantic correctness of the generated graphs and their degree of match with ground-truth graphs. Finally, we present several structured, commonsense-augmented, and text generation models as strong starting points for this explanation graph generation task, and observe that there is a large gap with human performance, thereby encouraging future work for this new challenging task. ExplaGraphs will be publicly available at https://explagraphs.github.io.

Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2021.

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51 of 76 references.

References · 51

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  12. 2021Did Aristotle Use a Laptop? A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategiescited by 736
38 more
  1. 2018Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Datacited by 656
  2. 2019ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Modelscited by 523
  3. 2018e-SNLI: Natural Language Inference with Natural Language Explanationscited by 468
  4. 2017Scene Graph Generation by Iterative Message Passingcited by 462
  5. 2018GraphRNN: Generating Realistic Graphs with Deep Auto-regressive Modelscited by 406
  6. 2018GraphVAE: Towards Generation of Small Graphs Using Variational Autoencoderscited by 375
  7. 2019Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 367
  8. 2018SWAG: A Large-Scale Adversarial Dataset for Grounded Commonsense Inferencecited by 333
  9. 2020GraphAF: a Flow-based Autoregressive Model for Molecular Graph Generationcited by 301
  10. 2019Abductive Commonsense Reasoningcited by 300
  11. 2016Rationalizing Neural Predictionscited by 281
  12. 2019Cosmos QA: Machine Reading Comprehension with Contextual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 281
  13. 2020COMET-ATOMIC 2020: On Symbolic and Neural Commonsense Knowledge Graphscited by 254
  14. 2020Social Chemistry 101: Learning to Reason about Social and Moral Normscited by 253
  15. 2019QASC: A Dataset for Question Answering via Sentence Compositioncited by 248
  16. 2019Efficient Graph Generation with Graph Recurrent Attention Networkscited by 231
  17. 2020WT5?! Training Text-to-Text Models to Explain their Predictionscited by 148
  18. 2018Graphite: Iterative Generative Modeling of Graphscited by 112
  19. 2021UNICORN on RAINBOW: A Universal Commonsense Reasoning Model on a New Multitask Benchmarkcited by 98
  20. 2019Rethinking Cooperative Rationalization: Introspective Extraction and Complement Controlcited by 96
  21. 2020Leakage-Adjusted Simulatability: Can Models Generate Non-Trivial Explanations of Their Behavior in Natural Language?cited by 95
  22. 2020Evaluating Explanations: How much do explanations from the teacher aid students?cited by 94
  23. 2020GLUCOSE: GeneraLized and COntextualized Story Explanationscited by 85
  24. 2017SemEval-2017 Task 8: RumourEval: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumourscited by 77
  25. 2021A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis- and Disinformation Identificationcited by 75
  26. 2019A Large-scale Dataset for Argument Quality Ranking: Construction and Analysiscited by 66
  27. 2018WorldTree: A Corpus of Explanation Graphs for Elementary Science Questions supporting Multi-Hop Inferencecited by 60
  28. 2020PRover: Proof Generation for Interpretable Reasoning over Rulescited by 53
  29. 2020Learning to Explain: Datasets and Models for Identifying Valid Reasoning Chains in Multihop Question-Answeringcited by 49
  30. 2020Natural Language Rationales with Full-Stack Visual Reasoning: From Pixels to Semantic Frames to Commonsense Graphscited by 46
  31. 2020ProtoQA: A Question Answering Dataset for Prototypical Common-Sense Reasoningcited by 45
  32. 2019Does It Make Sense? And Why? A Pilot Study for Sense Making and Explanationcited by 43
  33. 2020WinoWhy: A Deep Diagnosis of Essential Commonsense Knowledge for Answering Winograd Schema Challengecited by 43
  34. 2019R4C: A Benchmark for Evaluating RC Systems to Get the Right Answer for the Right Reasoncited by 36
  35. 2019Are You Convinced? Choosing the More Convincing Evidence with a Siamese Networkcited by 29
  36. 2020Learning to Rationalize for Nonmonotonic Reasoning with Distant Supervisioncited by 27
  37. 2020Teaching Machine Comprehension with Compositional Explanationscited by 22
  38. 2020Braid: Weaving Symbolic and Neural Knowledge into Coherent Logical Explanationscited by 11

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 11; 2023: 13; 2024: 12; 2025: 11; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
  2. 2023Can Language Models Solve Graph Problems in Natural Language?cited by 249
  3. 2024G-Retriever: Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Textual Graph Understanding and Question Answeringcited by 217
  4. 2024Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Graphs (GraphRAG)cited by 170
  5. 2022Language Models of Code are Few-Shot Commonsense Learnerscited by 160
  6. 2021Reframing Human-AI Collaboration for Generating Free-Text Explanationscited by 125
  7. 2023Breaking Common Sense: WHOOPS! A Vision-and-Language Benchmark of Synthetic and Compositional Imagescited by 79
  8. 2024GRAG: Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 77
  9. 2024KG-RAG: Bridging the Gap Between Knowledge and Creativitycited by 55
  10. 2024Can LLM Graph Reasoning Generalize beyond Pattern Memorization?cited by 46
  11. 2023PiVe: Prompting with Iterative Verification Improving Graph-based Generative Capability of LLMscited by 44
  12. 2023IRFL: Image Recognition of Figurative Languagecited by 23
38 more
  1. 2022WinoGAViL: Gamified Association Benchmark to Challenge Vision-and-Language Modelscited by 20
  2. 2022Robust and Explainable Identification of Logical Fallacies in Natural Language Argumentscited by 12
  3. 2024Beyond Graphs: Can Large Language Models Comprehend Hypergraphs?cited by 11
  4. 2024Can LLMs be Good Graph Judge for Knowledge Graph Construction?cited by 11
  5. 2024CHECKWHY: Causal Fact Verification via Argument Structurecited by 9
  6. 2022COPA-SSE: Semi-structured Explanations for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 8
  7. 2022Explanation Graph Generation via Pre-trained Language Models: An Empirical Study with Contrastive Learningcited by 8
  8. 2023Case-Based Reasoning with Language Models for Classification of Logical Fallaciescited by 8
  9. 2023CRoW: Benchmarking Commonsense Reasoning in Real-World Taskscited by 8
  10. 2022Are Hard Examples also Harder to Explain? A Study with Human and Model-Generated Explanationscited by 7
  11. 2024Towards a Framework for Evaluating Explanations in Automated Fact Verificationcited by 7
  12. 2024A Logical Fallacy-Informed Framework for Argument Generationcited by 7
  13. 2023Similarity-weighted Construction of Contextualized Commonsense Knowledge Graphs for Knowledge-intense Argumentation Taskscited by 6
  14. 2024Gaps or Hallucinations? Gazing into Machine-Generated Legal Analysis for Fine-grained Text Evaluationscited by 4
  15. 2024From Anchors to Answers: A Novel Node Tokenizer for Integrating Graph Structure into Large Language Modelscited by 4
  16. 2025Graph-Grounded LLMs: Leveraging Graphical Function Calling to Minimize LLM Hallucinationscited by 4
  17. 2022TYPIC: A Corpus of Template-Based Diagnostic Comments on Argumentationcited by 3
  18. 2022Possible Stories: Evaluating Situated Commonsense Reasoning under Multiple Possible Scenarioscited by 3
  19. 2022MetaLogic: Logical Reasoning Explanations with Fine-Grained Structurecited by 3
  20. 2025Language Models, Graph Searching, and Supervision Adulteration: When More Supervision is Less and How to Make More Morecited by 3
  21. 2025Generalizable LLM Learning of Graph Synthetic Data with Post-training Alignmentcited by 3
  22. 2022LPAttack: A Feasible Annotation Scheme for Capturing Logic Pattern of Attacks in Argumentscited by 2
  23. 2022FLOWGEN: Fast and slow graph generationcited by 2
  24. 2023Text-To-KG Alignment: Comparing Current Methods on Classification Taskscited by 2
  25. 2025From Argumentation to Deliberation: Perspectivized Stance Vectors for Fine-grained (Dis)agreement Analysiscited by 2
  26. 2023On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understandingcited by 1
  27. 2023Explanation Graph Generation via Generative Pre-training over Synthetic Graphscited by 1
  28. 2025Enhancing Knowledge Graph Construction: Evaluating with Emphasis on Hallucination, Omission, and Graph Similarity Metricscited by 1
  29. 2025Efficient Graph Understanding with LLMs via Structured Context Injectioncited by 1
  30. 2026LLM as Graph Kernel: Rethinking Message Passing on Text-Rich Graphscited by 1
  31. 2026Is One Token All It Takes? Graph Pooling Tokens for LLM-based GraphQAcited by 1
  32. 2021Annotating Implicit Reasoning in Arguments with Causal Linkscited by 0
  33. 2023Teach Me How to Improve My Argumentation Skills: A Survey on Feedback in Argumentationcited by 0
  34. 2023Reward Engineering for Generating Semi-structured Explanationcited by 0
  35. 2025Query-Aware Learnable Graph Pooling Tokens as Prompt for Large Language Modelscited by 0
  36. 2025EMERGE: A Benchmark for Updating Knowledge Graphs with Emerging Textual Knowledgecited by 0
  37. 2025KGFR: A Foundation Retriever for Generalized Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 0
  38. 2025Building Specialized Software-Assistant ChatBot with Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 0

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