mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multi-Hop Fact Checking of Political Claims

arXiv 2009.06401 ↗First posted 10 Sep 2020cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent work has proposed multi-hop models and datasets for studying complex natural language reasoning. One notable task requiring multi-hop reasoning is fact checking, where a set of connected evidence pieces leads to the final verdict of a claim. However, existing datasets either do not provide annotations for gold evidence pages, or the only dataset which does (FEVER) mostly consists of claims which can be fact-checked with simple reasoning and is constructed artificially. Here, we study more complex claim verification of naturally occurring claims with multiple hops over interconnected evidence chunks. We: 1) construct a small annotated dataset, PolitiHop, of evidence sentences for claim verification; 2) compare it to existing multi-hop datasets; and 3) study how to transfer knowledge from more extensive in- and out-of-domain resources to PolitiHop. We find that the task is complex and achieve the best performance with an architecture that specifically models reasoning over evidence pieces in combination with in-domain transfer learning.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Sep 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 8; 2024: 6; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2023AVeriTeC: A Dataset for Real-world Claim Verification with Evidence from the Webcited by 144
  2. 2021A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis- and Disinformation Identificationcited by 75
  3. 2022Generating Literal and Implied Subquestions to Fact-check Complex Claimscited by 66
  4. 2025A Survey of LLM-based Deep Search Agents: Paradigm, Optimization, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 58
  5. 2021Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 55
  6. 2024Can LLMs Produce Faithful Explanations For Fact-checking? Towards Faithful Explainable Fact-Checking via Multi-Agent Debatecited by 48
  7. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
  8. 2023EX-FEVER: A Dataset for Multi-hop Explainable Fact Verificationcited by 36
  9. 2024JustiLM: Few-shot Justification Generation for Explainable Fact-Checking of Real-world Claimscited by 29
  10. 2025Show Me the Work: Fact-Checkers' Requirements for Explainable Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 29
  11. 2021COSMOS: Catching Out-of-Context Misinformation with Self-Supervised Learningcited by 26
  12. 2023Benchmarking the Generation of Fact Checking Explanationscited by 25
25 more
  1. 2024QuanTemp: A real-world open-domain benchmark for fact-checking numerical claimscited by 22
  2. 2024Generative Large Language Models in Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 19
  3. 2021The Role of Context in Detecting Previously Fact-Checked Claimscited by 17
  4. 2022Exploring Faithful Rationale for Multi-hop Fact Verification via Salience-Aware Graph Learningcited by 15
  5. 2022Fact Checking with Insufficient Evidencecited by 11
  6. 2023EXPLAIN, EDIT, GENERATE: Rationale-Sensitive Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Multi-hop Fact Verificationcited by 9
  7. 2023Countering Misinformation via Emotional Response Generationcited by 9
  8. 2023Implicit Temporal Reasoning for Evidence-Based Fact-Checkingcited by 7
  9. 2024Evaluating Evidence Attribution in Generated Fact Checking Explanationscited by 6
  10. 2022Active PETs: Active Data Annotation Prioritisation for Few-Shot Claim Verification with Pattern Exploiting Trainingcited by 5
  11. 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 5
  12. 2023Unifying Structure Reasoning and Language Model Pre-training for Complex Reasoningcited by 4
  13. 2025SciClaimHunt: A Large Dataset for Evidence-based Scientific Claim Verificationcited by 4
  14. 2023Consistent Multi-Granular Rationale Extraction for Explainable Multi-hop Fact Verificationcited by 3
  15. 2024Multi-hop Evidence Pursuit Meets the Web: Team Papelo at FEVER 2024cited by 3
  16. 2025MythTriage: Scalable Detection of Opioid Use Disorder Myths on a Video-Sharing Platformcited by 3
  17. 2025GraphCheck: Multipath Fact-Checking with Entity-Relationship Graphscited by 2
  18. 2025Fact in Fragments: Deconstructing Complex Claims via LLM-based Atomic Fact Extraction and Verificationcited by 2
  19. 2026LiveFact: A Dynamic, Time-Aware Benchmark for LLM-Driven Fake News Detectioncited by 2
  20. 2022Aggregating Pairwise Semantic Differences for Few-Shot Claim Veracity Classificationcited by 1
  21. 2025Reasoning Paths as Signals: Augmenting Multi-hop Fact Verification through Structural Reasoning Progressioncited by 1
  22. 2026From Articles to Premises: Building PrimeFacts, an Extraction Methodology and Resource for Fact-Checking Evidencecited by 1
  23. 2025Enhancing Multi-Hop Fact Verification with Structured Knowledge-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 0
  24. 2025MuPlon: Multi-Path Causal Optimization for Claim Verification through Controlling Confoundingcited by 0
  25. 2026CommunityFact: A Dynamic, Multilingual, Multi-domain Benchmark for Misinformation Detection in the Wildcited by 0