mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Scientific Fact-Checking: A Survey of Resources and Approaches

arXiv 2305.16859 ↗First posted 26 May 2023cs.CLcited by 53

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Abstract (arXiv)

The task of fact-checking deals with assessing the veracity of factual claims based on credible evidence and background knowledge. In particular, scientific fact-checking is the variation of the task concerned with verifying claims rooted in scientific knowledge. This task has received significant attention due to the growing importance of scientific and health discussions on online platforms. Automated scientific fact-checking methods based on NLP can help combat the spread of misinformation, assist researchers in knowledge discovery, and help individuals understand new scientific breakthroughs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of existing research in this emerging field and its related tasks. We provide a task description, discuss the construction process of existing datasets, and analyze proposed models and approaches. Based on our findings, we identify intriguing challenges and outline potential future directions to advance the field.

Key facts. Cited by 53 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 56 of its 92 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 May 2023.

Builds on

56 of 92 references.

References · 56

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38 more
  1. 2020Document Ranking with a Pretrained Sequence-to-Sequence Modelcited by 375
  2. 2020Explainable Automated Fact-Checking for Public Health Claimscited by 211
  3. 2020HoVer: A Dataset for Many-Hop Fact Extraction And Claim Verificationcited by 200
  4. 2020CLIMATE-FEVER: A Dataset for Verification of Real-World Climate Claimscited by 195
  5. 2019MultiFC: A Real-World Multi-Domain Dataset for Evidence-Based Fact Checking of Claimscited by 169
  6. 2020Rumor Detection on Social Media with Bi-Directional Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 152
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  8. 2021Automated Fact-Checking for Assisting Human Fact-Checkerscited by 144
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  10. 2019Fine-grained Fact Verification with Kernel Graph Attention Networkcited by 105
  11. 2021COVID-Fact: Fact Extraction and Verification of Real-World Claims on COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 100
  12. 2018Automated Fact Checking: Task formulations, methods and future directionscited by 96
  13. 2022SciFact-Open: Towards open-domain scientific claim verificationcited by 94
  14. 2021ClimateBert: A Pretrained Language Model for Climate-Related Textcited by 90
  15. 2020Explainable Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 83
  16. 2021If Only We Had Better Counterfactual Explanations: Five Key Deficits to Rectify in the Evaluation of Counterfactual XAI Techniquescited by 82
  17. 2021A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis- and Disinformation Identificationcited by 75
  18. 2019A Richly Annotated Corpus for Different Tasks in Automated Fact-Checkingcited by 74
  19. 2020A Survey on Computational Propaganda Detectioncited by 69
  20. 2021KG-FiD: Infusing Knowledge Graph in Fusion-in-Decoder for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 67
  21. 2020FakeCovid -- A Multilingual Cross-domain Fact Check News Dataset for COVID-19cited by 60
  22. 2022MuMiN: A Large-Scale Multilingual Multimodal Fact-Checked Misinformation Social Network Datasetcited by 60
  23. 2022Generating Scientific Claims for Zero-Shot Scientific Fact Checkingcited by 59
  24. 2023FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphscited by 57
  25. 2021Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 55
  26. 2021ProoFVer: Natural Logic Theorem Proving for Fact Verificationcited by 52
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  28. 2020Scientific Claim Verification with VERT5ERINIcited by 47
  29. 2022Missing Counter-Evidence Renders NLP Fact-Checking Unrealistic for Misinformationcited by 45
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  31. 2020Infusing Disease Knowledge into BERT for Health Question Answering, Medical Inference and Disease Name Recognitioncited by 35
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  33. 2020A Paragraph-level Multi-task Learning Model for Scientific Fact-Verificationcited by 29
  34. 2022CoVERT: A Corpus of Fact-checked Biomedical COVID-19 Tweetscited by 29
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50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 22; 2025: 18; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2023Can LLM-Generated Misinformation Be Detected?cited by 176
  2. 2023Journey to the Center of the Knowledge Neurons: Discoveries of Language-Independent Knowledge Neurons and Degenerate Knowledge Neuronscited by 56
  3. 2025Transforming Science with Large Language Models: A Survey on AI-assisted Scientific Discovery, Experimentation, Content Generation, and Evaluationcited by 41
  4. 2023HealthFC: Verifying Health Claims with Evidence-Based Medical Fact-Checkingcited by 35
  5. 2024Artificial Intelligence for Literature Reviews: Opportunities and Challengescited by 30
  6. 2024Claim Verification in the Age of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 24
  7. 2024QuanTemp: A real-world open-domain benchmark for fact-checking numerical claimscited by 23
  8. 2024Automated Justification Production for Claim Veracity in Fact Checking: A Survey on Architectures and Approachescited by 15
  9. 2024Missci: Reconstructing Fallacies in Misrepresented Sciencecited by 14
  10. 2024Improving Health Question Answering with Reliable and Time-Aware Evidence Retrievalcited by 12
  11. 2024What Makes Medical Claims (Un)Verifiable? Analyzing Entity and Relation Properties for Fact Verificationcited by 10
  12. 2024Comparing Knowledge Sources for Open-Domain Scientific Claim Verificationcited by 10
38 more
  1. 2024MetaSumPerceiver: Multimodal Multi-Document Evidence Summarization for Fact-Checkingcited by 10
  2. 2024Can Large Language Models Detect Misinformation in Scientific News Reporting?cited by 9
  3. 2024MedREQAL: Examining Medical Knowledge Recall of Large Language Models via Question Answeringcited by 9
  4. 2024A Reality Check on Context Utilisation for Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 9
  5. 2024Understanding Fine-grained Distortions in Reports of Scientific Findingscited by 8
  6. 2025From Hypothesis to Publication: A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Driven Research Support Systemscited by 8
  7. 2023Can Large Language Models Discern Evidence for Scientific Hypotheses? Case Studies in the Social Sciencescited by 6
  8. 2025The Next Phase of Scientific Fact-Checking: Advanced Evidence Retrieval from Complex Structured Academic Paperscited by 6
  9. 2023Unsupervised Pretraining for Fact Verification by Language Model Distillationcited by 5
  10. 2025How does Misinformation Affect Large Language Model Behaviors and Preferences?cited by 5
  11. 2025Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Surveycited by 5
  12. 2024Explaining Veracity Predictions with Evidence Summarization: A Multi-Task Model Approachcited by 4
  13. 2024Cross-Lingual Learning vs. Low-Resource Fine-Tuning: A Case Study with Fact-Checking in Turkishcited by 4
  14. 2024Can Factual Statements be Deceptive? The DeFaBel Corpus of Belief-based Deceptioncited by 4
  15. 2025SciClaimHunt: A Large Dataset for Evidence-based Scientific Claim Verificationcited by 4
  16. 2025Can AI Validate Science? Benchmarking LLMs for Accurate Scientific Claim rightarrow Evidence Reasoningcited by 4
  17. 2024EHRCon: Dataset for Checking Consistency between Unstructured Notes and Structured Tables in Electronic Health Recordscited by 3
  18. 2025CUB: Benchmarking Context Utilisation Techniques for Language Modelscited by 3
  19. 2025Correcting Hallucinations in News Summaries: Exploration of Self-Correcting LLM Methods with External Knowledgecited by 3
  20. 2025A Benchmark for Open-Domain Numerical Fact-Checking Enhanced by Claim Decompositioncited by 3
  21. 2026RIGOURATE: Quantifying Scientific Exaggeration with Evidence-Aligned Claim Evaluationcited by 3
  22. 2024Multi-Layer Ranking with Large Language Models for News Source Recommendationcited by 2
  23. 2025SciClaims: An End-to-End Generative System for Biomedical Claim Analysiscited by 2
  24. 2025Improving Reliability and Explainability of Medical Question Answering through Atomic Fact Checking in Retrieval-Augmented LLMscited by 2
  25. 2025ClimateViz: A Benchmark for Statistical Reasoning and Fact Verification on Scientific Chartscited by 2
  26. 2025+VeriRel: Verification Feedback to Enhance Document Retrieval for Scientific Fact Checkingcited by 2
  27. 2025Think Right, Not More: Test-Time Scaling for Numerical Claim Verificationcited by 2
  28. 2026Med-V1: Small Language Models for Zero-shot and Scalable Biomedical Evidence Attributioncited by 2
  29. 2023Diversifying Knowledge Enhancement of Biomedical Language Models using Adapter Modules and Knowledge Graphscited by 1
  30. 2024Enhancing Natural Language Inference Performance with Knowledge Graph for COVID-19 Automated Fact-Checking in Indonesian Languagecited by 1
  31. 2025Entailed Opinion Matters: Improving the Fact-Checking Performance of Language Models by Relying on their Entailment Abilitycited by 1
  32. 2025The Psychology of Falsehood: A Human-Centric Survey of Misinformation Detectioncited by 1
  33. 2026M2-Verify: A Large-Scale Multidomain Benchmark for Checking Multimodal Claim Consistencycited by 1
  34. 2024DocReLM: Mastering Document Retrieval with Language Modelcited by 0
  35. 2024How Entangled is Factuality and Deception in German?cited by 0
  36. 2024Enhancing Answer Attribution for Faithful Text Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 0
  37. 2025MedSEBA: Synthesizing Evidence-Based Answers Grounded in Evolving Medical Literaturecited by 0
  38. 2026ClimateCheck 2026: Scientific Fact-Checking and Disinformation Narrative Classification of Climate-related Claimscited by 0

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)