Foley Music: Learning to Generate Music from Videos
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce Foley Music, a system that can synthesize plausible music for a silent video clip about people playing musical instruments. We first identify two key intermediate representations for a successful video to music generator: body keypoints from videos and MIDI events from audio recordings. We then formulate music generation from videos as a motion-to-MIDI translation problem. We present a Graph-Transformer framework that can accurately predict MIDI event sequences in accordance with the body movements. The MIDI event can then be converted to realistic music using an off-the-shelf music synthesizer tool. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our models on videos containing a variety of music performances. Experimental results show that our model outperforms several existing systems in generating music that is pleasant to listen to. More importantly, the MIDI representations are fully interpretable and transparent, thus enabling us to perform music editing flexibly. We encourage the readers to watch the demo video with audio turned on to experience the results.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 15; 2023: 16; 2024: 18; 2025: 12; 2026: 5.
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- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
- 2021AI Choreographer: Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation with AIST++cited by 479
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Modelscited by 323
- 2021Pose-Controllable Talking Face Generation by Implicitly Modularized Audio-Visual Representationcited by 288
- 2021Taming Visually Guided Sound Generationcited by 136
- 2023Conditional Generation of Audio from Video via Foley Analogiescited by 52
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformercited by 50
- 2022Discrete Contrastive Diffusion for Cross-Modal Music and Image Generationcited by 44
- 2022Learning in Audio-visual Context: A Review, Analysis, and New Perspectivecited by 44
- 2021TransCenter: Transformers with Dense Representations for Multiple-Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2021With a Little Help from my Temporal Context: Multimodal Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Audio-Visual Synchronisation in the wildcited by 39
38 more
- 2022Masked Motion Encoding for Self-Supervised Video Representation Learningcited by 39
- 2024VidMuse: A Simple Video-to-Music Generation Framework with Long-Short-Term Modelingcited by 39
- 2024MultiPLY: A Multisensory Object-Centric Embodied Large Language Model in 3D Worldcited by 38
- 2022Quantized GAN for Complex Music Generation from Dance Videoscited by 37
- 2023Video2Music: Suitable Music Generation from Videos using an Affective Multimodal Transformer modelcited by 37
- 2024M3GPT: An Advanced Multimodal, Multitask Framework for Motion Comprehension and Generationcited by 37
- 2024Tell What You Hear From What You See -- Video to Audio Generation Through Textcited by 34
- 2022Video Background Music Generation: Dataset, Method and Evaluationcited by 28
- 2023Tackling Data Bias in MUSIC-AVQA: Crafting a Balanced Dataset for Unbiased Question-Answeringcited by 28
- 2022Audio-visual Generalised Zero-shot Learning with Cross-modal Attention and Languagecited by 27
- 2021Can audio-visual integration strengthen robustness under multimodal attacks?cited by 23
- 2024From Vision to Audio and Beyond: A Unified Model for Audio-Visual Representation and Generationcited by 23
- 2021Geometry-Aware Multi-Task Learning for Binaural Audio Generation from Videocited by 22
- 2022Vision+X: A Survey on Multimodal Learning in the Light of Datacited by 22
- 2023Physics-Driven Diffusion Models for Impact Sound Synthesis from Videoscited by 21
- 2023DaGAN++: Depth-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Talking Head Video Generationcited by 20
- 2022Temporal and cross-modal attention for audio-visual zero-shot learningcited by 19
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Modelscited by 19
- 2021Visually Guided Sound Source Separation and Localization using Self-Supervised Motion Representationscited by 18
- 2022It's Time for Artistic Correspondence in Music and Videocited by 18
- 2023Sound Localization from Motion: Jointly Learning Sound Direction and Camera Rotationcited by 18
- 2023V2Meow: Meowing to the Visual Beat via Video-to-Music Generationcited by 18
- 2023Modality-Independent Teachers Meet Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Event Parsercited by 18
- 2023Long-Term Rhythmic Video Soundtrackercited by 17
- 2025Generative AI for Cel-Animation: A Surveycited by 17
- 2021Piano Skills Assessmentcited by 16
- 2024EmoTalk3D: High-Fidelity Free-View Synthesis of Emotional 3D Talking Headcited by 16
- 2023Sounding Video Generator: A Unified Framework for Text-guided Sounding Video Generationcited by 15
- 2021Learning Audio-Visual Correlations from Variational Cross-Modal Generationcited by 14
- 2021Exploiting Audio-Visual Consistency with Partial Supervision for Spatial Audio Generationcited by 14
- 2024VMAS: Video-to-Music Generation via Semantic Alignment in Web Music Videoscited by 14
- 2024MuVi: Video-to-Music Generation with Semantic Alignment and Rhythmic Synchronizationcited by 14
- 2022Finding Fallen Objects Via Asynchronous Audio-Visual Integrationcited by 13
- 2024SEE-2-SOUND: Zero-Shot Spatial Environment-to-Spatial Soundcited by 10
- 2023A Survey of AI Music Generation Tools and Modelscited by 9
- 2021Dynamic Modeling of Hand-Object Interactions via Tactile Sensingcited by 8
- 2022One-shot Scene Graph Generationcited by 8
- 2023LAVSS: Location-Guided Audio-Visual Spatial Audio Separationcited by 8
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026Joint and Cross-Modal Video-Audio Generation and Editing: A Unified Formulation and Design Taxonomy28 Sep 2026
- 2026HarmoniDPO: Video-guided Audio Generation via Preference-Optimized Diffusion12 Aug 2026
- 2026Dialogue-Aware Video-to-Music Generation Using Public Domain Film Collections12 Aug 2026
- 2026JenBridge: Adaptive Long-Form Video Soundtracking across Scene Transitions1 Jun 2026
- 2026NarraScore: Bridging Visual Narrative and Musical Dynamics via Hierarchical Affective Control9 Feb 2026
- 2025StereoSync: Spatially-Aware Stereo Audio Generation from Video7 Oct 2025
- 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Let Your Video Listen to Your Music!23 Jun 2025
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generation4 Jun 2025
- 2025Extending Visual Dynamics for Video-to-Music Generation10 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectives1 Apr 2025
- 2025Visual Acoustic Fields31 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Survey27 Mar 2025
- 2025FilmComposer: LLM-Driven Music Production for Silent Film Clips11 Mar 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Generative AI for Video-to-Music Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2025Video Soundtrack Generation by Aligning Emotions and Temporal Boundaries14 Feb 2025
- 2025Generative AI for Cel-Animation: A Survey8 Jan 2025
- 2024A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learning24 Nov 2024
- 2024VioPose: Violin Performance 4D Pose Estimation by Hierarchical Audiovisual Inference19 Nov 2024
- 2024Tell What You Hear From What You See -- Video to Audio Generation Through Text8 Nov 2024
- 2024MuVi: Video-to-Music Generation with Semantic Alignment and Rhythmic Synchronization16 Oct 2024
- 2024From Vision to Audio and Beyond: A Unified Model for Audio-Visual Representation and Generation27 Sep 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Audio-Visual Soundscape Stylization22 Sep 2024
- 2024VMAS: Video-to-Music Generation via Semantic Alignment in Web Music Videos11 Sep 2024
- 2024EmoTalk3D: High-Fidelity Free-View Synthesis of Emotional 3D Talking Head1 Aug 2024
- 2024Start from Video-Music Retrieval: An Inter-Intra Modal Loss for Cross Modal Retrieval28 Jul 2024
- 2024MOSA: Music Motion with Semantic Annotation Dataset for Cross-Modal Music Processing10 Jun 2024
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Models7 Jun 2024
- 2024SEE-2-SOUND: Zero-Shot Spatial Environment-to-Spatial Sound6 Jun 2024
- 2024VidMuse: A Simple Video-to-Music Generation Framework with Long-Short-Term Modeling6 Jun 2024
- 2024M3GPT: An Advanced Multimodal, Multitask Framework for Motion Comprehension and Generation25 May 2024
- 2024MAGIC: Map-Guided Few-Shot Audio-Visual Acoustics Modeling22 May 2024
- 2024MultiPLY: A Multisensory Object-Centric Embodied Large Language Model in 3D World16 Jan 2024
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformer9 Jan 2024
- 2024Efficient Multiscale Multimodal Bottleneck Transformer for Audio-Video Classification8 Jan 2024
- 2023Video2Music: Suitable Music Generation from Videos using an Affective Multimodal Transformer model2 Nov 2023
- 2023LAVSS: Location-Guided Audio-Visual Spatial Audio Separation31 Oct 2023
- 2023Tackling Data Bias in MUSIC-AVQA: Crafting a Balanced Dataset for Unbiased Question-Answering10 Oct 2023
- 2023Text-to-feature diffusion for audio-visual few-shot learning7 Sep 2023
- 2023A Survey of AI Music Generation Tools and Models24 Aug 2023
- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generation8 Jun 2023
- 2023Modality-Independent Teachers Meet Weakly-Supervised Audio-Visual Event Parser27 May 2023
- 2023V2Meow: Meowing to the Visual Beat via Video-to-Music Generation11 May 2023
- 2023DaGAN++: Depth-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Talking Head Video Generation10 May 2023
- 2023Long-Term Rhythmic Video Soundtracker2 May 2023
- 2023Conditional Generation of Audio from Video via Foley Analogies17 Apr 2023
- 2023Looking Similar, Sounding Different: Leveraging Counterfactual Cross-Modal Pairs for Audiovisual Representation Learning12 Apr 2023
- 2023Physics-Driven Diffusion Models for Impact Sound Synthesis from Videos29 Mar 2023
- 2023Sounding Video Generator: A Unified Framework for Text-guided Sounding Video Generation29 Mar 2023
- 2023Sound Localization from Motion: Jointly Learning Sound Direction and Camera Rotation20 Mar 2023
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Modelscited by 323
- 2022Discrete Contrastive Diffusion for Cross-Modal Music and Image Generationcited by 44
- 2023Physics-Driven Diffusion Models for Impact Sound Synthesis from Videoscited by 21
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Modelscited by 19
- 2024MeLFusion: Synthesizing Music from Image and Language Cues using Diffusion Models7 Jun 2024
- 2023Physics-Driven Diffusion Models for Impact Sound Synthesis from Videos29 Mar 2023
- 2023Make-An-Audio: Text-To-Audio Generation with Prompt-Enhanced Diffusion Models30 Jan 2023
- 2022Discrete Contrastive Diffusion for Cross-Modal Music and Image Generation15 Jun 2022
- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
- 2021AI Choreographer: Music Conditioned 3D Dance Generation with AIST++cited by 479
- 2021Pose-Controllable Talking Face Generation by Implicitly Modularized Audio-Visual Representationcited by 288
- 2021Taming Visually Guided Sound Generationcited by 136
- 2023Conditional Generation of Audio from Video via Foley Analogiescited by 52
- 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformercited by 50
- 2022Learning in Audio-visual Context: A Review, Analysis, and New Perspectivecited by 44
- 2021TransCenter: Transformers with Dense Representations for Multiple-Object Trackingcited by 42
- 2021With a Little Help from my Temporal Context: Multimodal Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 41
- 2021Audio-Visual Synchronisation in the wildcited by 39
- 2022Masked Motion Encoding for Self-Supervised Video Representation Learningcited by 39
- 2024VidMuse: A Simple Video-to-Music Generation Framework with Long-Short-Term Modelingcited by 39
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026Joint and Cross-Modal Video-Audio Generation and Editing: A Unified Formulation and Design Taxonomy28 Sep 2026
- 2026Dialogue-Aware Video-to-Music Generation Using Public Domain Film Collections12 Aug 2026
- 2026JenBridge: Adaptive Long-Form Video Soundtracking across Scene Transitions1 Jun 2026
- 2026NarraScore: Bridging Visual Narrative and Musical Dynamics via Hierarchical Affective Control9 Feb 2026
- 2025StereoSync: Spatially-Aware Stereo Audio Generation from Video7 Oct 2025
- 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Let Your Video Listen to Your Music!23 Jun 2025
- 2025Sounding that Object: Interactive Object-Aware Image to Audio Generation4 Jun 2025
- 2025Extending Visual Dynamics for Video-to-Music Generation10 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectives1 Apr 2025
- 2025Visual Acoustic Fields31 Mar 2025
- 2025Vision-to-Music Generation: A Survey27 Mar 2025
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)