mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

C3: Zero-shot Text-to-SQL with ChatGPT

arXiv 2307.07306 ↗First posted 14 Jul 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 159

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 21 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper proposes a ChatGPT-based zero-shot Text-to-SQL method, dubbed C3, which achieves 82.3% in terms of execution accuracy on the holdout test set of Spider and becomes the state-of-the-art zero-shot Text-to-SQL method on the Spider Challenge. C3 consists of three key components: Clear Prompting (CP), Calibration with Hints (CH), and Consistent Output (CO), which are corresponding to the model input, model bias and model output respectively. It provides a systematic treatment for zero-shot Text-to-SQL. Extensive experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method.

Key facts. Cited by 159 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 18 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jul 2023.

Builds on

18 of 23 references.

References · 18

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  4. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
  5. 2022Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work?cited by 1,413
  6. 2021What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?cited by 1,184
  7. 2018Spider: A Large-Scale Human-Labeled Dataset for Complex and Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing and Text-to-SQL Taskcited by 1,120
  8. 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 731
  9. 2023DIN-SQL: Decomposed In-Context Learning of Text-to-SQL with Self-Correctioncited by 465
  10. 2019RAT-SQL: Relation-Aware Schema Encoding and Linking for Text-to-SQL Parserscited by 420
  11. 2021PICARD: Parsing Incrementally for Constrained Auto-Regressive Decoding from Language Modelscited by 402
  12. 2019Towards Complex Text-to-SQL in Cross-Domain Database with Intermediate Representationcited by 210
6 more
  1. 2020Semantic Evaluation for Text-to-SQL with Distilled Test Suitescited by 123
  2. 2021LGESQL: Line Graph Enhanced Text-to-SQL Model with Mixed Local and Non-Local Relationscited by 119
  3. 2023A comprehensive evaluation of ChatGPT's zero-shot Text-to-SQL capabilitycited by 118
  4. 2022Evaluating the Text-to-SQL Capabilities of Large Language Modelscited by 101
  5. 2023Graphix-T5: Mixing Pre-Trained Transformers with Graph-Aware Layers for Text-to-SQL Parsingcited by 93
  6. 2020RYANSQL: Recursively Applying Sketch-based Slot Fillings for Complex Text-to-SQL in Cross-Domain Databasescited by 63

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 59; 2025: 63; 2026: 30.

159 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluationcited by 378
  2. 2024Spider 2.0: Evaluating Language Models on Real-World Enterprise Text-to-SQL Workflowscited by 223
  3. 2024CHESS: Contextual Harnessing for Efficient SQL Synthesiscited by 164
  4. 2023MAC-SQL: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Text-to-SQLcited by 158
  5. 2024Large Language Models(LLMs) on Tabular Data: Prediction, Generation, and Understanding -- A Surveycited by 157
  6. 2024CHASE-SQL: Multi-Path Reasoning and Preference Optimized Candidate Selection in Text-to-SQLcited by 132
  7. 2024Next-Generation Database Interfaces: A Survey of LLM-based Text-to-SQLcited by 118
  8. 2024MCS-SQL: Leveraging Multiple Prompts and Multiple-Choice Selection For Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 103
  9. 2024TableLLM: Enabling Tabular Data Manipulation by LLMs in Real Office Usage Scenarioscited by 76
  10. 2024A Survey on Employing Large Language Models for Text-to-SQL Taskscited by 67
  11. 2024The Death of Schema Linking? Text-to-SQL in the Age of Well-Reasoned Language Modelscited by 67
  12. 2023ACT-SQL: In-Context Learning for Text-to-SQL with Automatically-Generated Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 65
38 more
  1. 2025Reasoning-SQL: Reinforcement Learning with SQL Tailored Partial Rewards for Reasoning-Enhanced Text-to-SQLcited by 59
  2. 2024A Survey of Text-to-SQL in the Era of LLMs: Where are we, and where are we going?cited by 54
  3. 2024RSL-SQL: Robust Schema Linking in Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 51
  4. 2025OpenSearch-SQL: Enhancing Text-to-SQL with Dynamic Few-shot and Consistency Alignmentcited by 51
  5. 2024Before Generation, Align it! A Novel and Effective Strategy for Mitigating Hallucinations in Text-to-SQL Generationcited by 49
  6. 2024DTS-SQL: Decomposed Text-to-SQL with Small Large Language Modelscited by 45
  7. 2025XiYan-SQL: A Novel Multi-Generator Framework For Text-to-SQLcited by 40
  8. 2024FinSQL: Model-Agnostic LLMs-based Text-to-SQL Framework for Financial Analysiscited by 35
  9. 2024Knowledge-to-SQL: Enhancing SQL Generation with Data Expert LLMcited by 35
  10. 2024E-SQL: Direct Schema Linking via Question Enrichment in Text-to-SQLcited by 35
  11. 2024PURPLE: Making a Large Language Model a Better SQL Writercited by 34
  12. 2024MAGIC: Generating Self-Correction Guideline for In-Context Text-to-SQLcited by 34
  13. 2024SQLBench: A Comprehensive Evaluation for Text-to-SQL Capabilities of Large Language Modelscited by 32
  14. 2024AMBROSIA: A Benchmark for Parsing Ambiguous Questions into Database Queriescited by 32
  15. 2024Decomposition for Enhancing Attention: Improving LLM-based Text-to-SQL through Workflow Paradigmcited by 31
  16. 2025Is Long Context All You Need? Leveraging LLM's Extended Context for NL2SQLcited by 30
  17. 2023Natural Language Interfaces for Tabular Data Querying and Visualization: A Surveycited by 27
  18. 2024PET-SQL: A Prompt-Enhanced Two-Round Refinement of Text-to-SQL with Cross-consistencycited by 26
  19. 2025LinkAlign: Scalable Schema Linking for Real-World Large-Scale Multi-Database Text-to-SQLcited by 26
  20. 2025Reward-SQL: Boosting Text-to-SQL via Stepwise Execution-Aware Reasoning and Process-Supervised Rewardscited by 25
  21. 2024BlendSQL: A Scalable Dialect for Unifying Hybrid Question Answering in Relational Algebracited by 23
  22. 2024MAG-SQL: Multi-Agent Generative Approach with Soft Schema Linking and Iterative Sub-SQL Refinement for Text-to-SQLcited by 22
  23. 2025Agentar-Scale-SQL: Advancing Text-to-SQL through Orchestrated Test-Time Scalingcited by 20
  24. 2025SQL-o1: A Self-Reward Heuristic Dynamic Search Method for Text-to-SQLcited by 19
  25. 2024MSc-SQL: Multi-Sample Critiquing Small Language Models For Text-To-SQL Translationcited by 17
  26. 2024Improving Retrieval-augmented Text-to-SQL with AST-based Ranking and Schema Pruningcited by 16
  27. 2024From Natural Language to SQL: Review of LLM-based Text-to-SQL Systemscited by 15
  28. 2025MapQA: Open-domain Geospatial Question Answering on Map Datacited by 15
  29. 2025ELT-Bench: An End-to-End Benchmark for Evaluating AI Agents on ELT Pipelinescited by 15
  30. 2025CSC-SQL: Corrective Self-Consistency in Text-to-SQL via Reinforcement Learningcited by 15
  31. 2025ExCyTIn-Bench: Evaluating LLM agents on Cyber Threat Investigationcited by 15
  32. 2025AutoLink: Autonomous Schema Exploration and Expansion for Scalable Schema Linking in Text-to-SQL at Scalecited by 15
  33. 2025Understanding, Detecting, and Repairing Real-World In-Context-Learning-Based Text-to-SQL Errorscited by 14
  34. 2025MARS-SQL: A multi-agent reinforcement learning framework for Text-to-SQLcited by 14
  35. 2024ROUTE: Robust Multitask Tuning and Collaboration for Text-to-SQLcited by 13
  36. 2024Evaluating the Data Model Robustness of Text-to-SQL Systems Based on Real User Queriescited by 12
  37. 2024SQL-to-Schema Enhances Schema Linking in Text-to-SQLcited by 12
  38. 2024FLEX: Expert-level False-Less EXecution Metric for Reliable Text-to-SQL Benchmarkcited by 11

50 most cited of 159 All 159 (JSON)