Hate Cannot Drive out Hate: Forecasting Conversation Incivility following Replies to Hate Speech
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
User-generated replies to hate speech are promising means to combat hatred, but questions about whether they can stop incivility in follow-up conversations linger. We argue that effective replies stop incivility from emerging in follow-up conversations - replies that elicit more incivility are counterproductive. This study introduces the task of predicting the incivility of conversations following replies to hate speech. We first propose a metric to measure conversation incivility based on the number of civil and uncivil comments as well as the unique authors involved in the discourse. Our metric approximates human judgments more accurately than previous metrics. We then use the metric to evaluate the outcomes of replies to hate speech. A linguistic analysis uncovers the differences in the language of replies that elicit follow-up conversations with high and low incivility. Experimental results show that forecasting incivility is challenging. We close with a qualitative analysis shedding light into the most common errors made by the best model.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 74 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2023.
Builds on
20 of 74 references.
References · 20
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
- 2021Latent Hatred: A Benchmark for Understanding Implicit Hate Speechcited by 216
- 2019SemEval-2017 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twittercited by 209
- 2019CONAN -- COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speechcited by 109
- 2016Winning Arguments: Interaction Dynamics and Persuasion Strategies in Good-faith Online Discussionscited by 106
- 2018Thou shalt not hate: Countering Online Hate Speechcited by 64
- 2020Generating Counter Narratives against Online Hate Speech: Data and Strategiescited by 58
- 2020jiant: A Software Toolkit for Research on General-Purpose Text Understanding Modelscited by 39
- 2022Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Mattercited by 32
8 more
- 2020A Report on the 2020 Sarcasm Detection Shared Taskcited by 23
- 2021Conversations Gone Alright: Quantifying and Predicting Prosocial Outcomes in Online Conversationscited by 20
- 2015Linguistic Harbingers of Betrayal: A Case Study on an Online Strategy Gamecited by 16
- 2020Detecting Attackable Sentences in Argumentscited by 14
- 2021What Makes Online Communities 'Better'? Measuring Values, Consensus, and Conflict across Thousands of Subredditscited by 13
- 2018Forecasting the presence and intensity of hostility on Instagram using linguistic and social featurescited by 11
- 2021Making Online Communities 'Better': A Taxonomy of Community Values on Redditcited by 10
- 2019A Study of Cyber Hate on Twitter with Implications for Social Media Governance Strategiescited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
10 papers.
- 2024Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluationcited by 15
- 2024Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speechcited by 12
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
- 2024Assessing the Human Likeness of AI-Generated Counterspeechcited by 5
- 2025Echoes of Discord: Forecasting Hater Reactions to Counterspeechcited by 5
- 2025Effectiveness of Counter-Speech against Abusive Content: A Multidimensional Annotation and Classification Studycited by 2
- 2024Exploring the Plausibility of Hate and Counter Speech Detectors with Explainable AIcited by 1
- 2025"Harmless to You, Hurtful to Me!": Investigating the Detection of Toxic Languages Grounded in the Perspective of Youthcited by 1
- 2025Before the Outrage: Challenges and Advances in Predicting Online Antisocial Behaviorcited by 0
- 2026Contextualized Counterspeech Can Be More Persuasive Than Generic Counterspeechcited by 0
- 2026Contextualized Counterspeech Can Be More Persuasive Than Generic Counterspeech28 Jul 2026
- 2025"Harmless to You, Hurtful to Me!": Investigating the Detection of Toxic Languages Grounded in the Perspective of Youth4 Aug 2025
- 2025Before the Outrage: Challenges and Advances in Predicting Online Antisocial Behavior28 Jul 2025
- 2025Effectiveness of Counter-Speech against Abusive Content: A Multidimensional Annotation and Classification Study13 Jun 2025
- 2025Echoes of Discord: Forecasting Hater Reactions to Counterspeech27 Jan 2025
- 2024Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluation10 Dec 2024
- 2024Assessing the Human Likeness of AI-Generated Counterspeech14 Oct 2024
- 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speech1 Oct 2024
- 2024Exploring the Plausibility of Hate and Counter Speech Detectors with Explainable AI25 Jul 2024
- 2024Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speech25 Mar 2024