Learning a Proposal Classifier for Multiple Object Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recent trend in multiple object tracking (MOT) is heading towards leveraging deep learning to boost the tracking performance. However, it is not trivial to solve the data-association problem in an end-to-end fashion. In this paper, we propose a novel proposal-based learnable framework, which models MOT as a proposal generation, proposal scoring and trajectory inference paradigm on an affinity graph. This framework is similar to the two-stage object detector Faster RCNN, and can solve the MOT problem in a data-driven way. For proposal generation, we propose an iterative graph clustering method to reduce the computational cost while maintaining the quality of the generated proposals. For proposal scoring, we deploy a trainable graph-convolutional-network (GCN) to learn the structural patterns of the generated proposals and rank them according to the estimated quality scores. For trajectory inference, a simple deoverlapping strategy is adopted to generate tracking output while complying with the constraints that no detection can be assigned to more than one track. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a clear performance improvement in both MOTA and IDF1 with respect to previous state-of-the-art on two public benchmarks. Our code is available at https://github.com/daip13/LPC_MOT.git.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2021.
Builds on
34 of 65 references.
References · 34
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2018An Empirical Evaluation of Generic Convolutional and Recurrent Networks for Sequence Modelingcited by 1,447
- 2017Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metriccited by 908
- 2016Simple Online and Realtime Trackingcited by 862
- 2017Focal Loss for Dense Object Detectioncited by 749
- 2016Performance Measures and a Data Set for Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Trackingcited by 685
- 2020HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Trackingcited by 546
- 2016MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 531
- 2019Tracking without bells and whistlescited by 382
- 2020MOT20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenescited by 355
22 more
- 2019Learning a Neural Solver for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 198
- 2019A Strong Baseline and Batch Normalization Neck for Deep Person Re-identificationcited by 154
- 2020TAO: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Tracking Any Objectcited by 146
- 2018Multivariate LSTM-FCNs for Time Series Classificationcited by 120
- 2019Deep Learning in Video Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 107
- 2018Features for Multi-Target Multi-Camera Tracking and Re-Identificationcited by 88
- 2016Learning by tracking: Siamese CNN for robust target associationcited by 79
- 2019Online Multi-Object Tracking with Dual Matching Attention Networkscited by 77
- 2017Tracking The Untrackable: Learning To Track Multiple Cues with Long-Term Dependenciescited by 76
- 2019Spatial-Temporal Relation Networks for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 74
- 2019How To Train Your Deep Multi-Object Trackercited by 71
- 2019FAMNet: Joint Learning of Feature, Affinity and Multi-dimensional Assignment for Online Multiple Object Trackingcited by 65
- 2020Lifted Disjoint Paths with Application in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 55
- 2019Learning to Cluster Faces on an Affinity Graphcited by 50
- 2017Deep Network Flow for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 45
- 2020Simple Unsupervised Multi-Object Trackingcited by 33
- 2020GCNNMatch: Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Multi-Object Tracking via Sinkhorn Normalizationcited by 25
- 2017Tracking the Trackers: An Analysis of the State of the Art in Multiple Object Trackingcited by 18
- 2018Deep Continuous Conditional Random Fields with Asymmetric Inter-object Constraints for Online Multi-object Trackingcited by 9
- 2019End-to-End Learning Deep CRF models for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2018Multiple People Tracking Using Hierarchical Deep Tracklet Re-identificationcited by 5
- 2020Multi-object Tracking via End-to-end Tracklet Searching and Rankingcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 22; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
42 papers.
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- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 345
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2022Global Tracking Transformerscited by 110
- 2022VITA: Video Instance Segmentation via Object Token Associationcited by 94
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2022Adiabatic Quantum Computing for Multi Object Trackingcited by 22
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
30 more
- 2021Split and Connect: A Universal Tracklet Booster for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 17
- 2022Detection Recovery in Online Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Graph Trackercited by 15
- 2022In Pursuit of Many: A Review of Modern Multiple Object Tracking Systemscited by 12
- 2023DeNoising-MOT: Towards Multiple Object Tracking with Severe Occlusionscited by 12
- 2022Learning of Global Objective for Network Flow in Multi-Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2022Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation via Neural Message Passingcited by 9
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Cloudscited by 9
- 2024DeconfuseTrack:Dealing with Confusion for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 9
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Surveycited by 8
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Trackingcited by 8
- 2021SDOF-Tracker: Fast and Accurate Multiple Human Tracking by Skipped-Detection and Optical-Flowcited by 7
- 2023Multi-Scene Generalized Trajectory Global Graph Solver with Composite Nodes for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 7
- 2022Can Deep Learning be Applied to Model-Based Multi-Object Tracking?cited by 5
- 2022Multiple Object Tracking from appearance by hierarchically clustering trackletscited by 5
- 2025MVTrajecter: Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking with Trajectory Motion Cost and Trajectory Appearance Costcited by 5
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2021A Survey of Fish Tracking Techniques Based on Computer Visioncited by 2
- 2022Joint Spatial-Temporal and Appearance Modeling with Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2022Enhancing Space-time Video Super-resolution via Spatial-temporal Feature Interactioncited by 2
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Associationcited by 2
- 2022DSRRTracker: Dynamic Search Region Refinement for Attention-based Siamese Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2022FasterVideo: Efficient Online Joint Object Detection And Trackingcited by 1
- 2022Do Deep Neural Networks Always Perform Better When Eating More Data?cited by 1
- 2022Joint Counting, Detection and Re-Identification for Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024STT: Stateful Tracking with Transformers for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2024Temporal Correlation Meets Embedding: Towards a 2nd Generation of JDE-based Real-Time Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024Learning a Neural Association Network for Self-supervised Multi-Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2024Hierarchical IoU Tracking based on Intervalcited by 0
- 2024BankTweak: Adversarial Attack against Multi-Object Trackers by Manipulating Feature Bankscited by 0
- 2025OmniPT: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Language Models for Pedestrian Tracking and Understandingcited by 0
- 2025OmniPT: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Language Models for Pedestrian Tracking and Understanding21 Nov 2025
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025MVTrajecter: Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking with Trajectory Motion Cost and Trajectory Appearance Cost1 Sep 2025
- 2024Learning a Neural Association Network for Self-supervised Multi-Object Tracking18 Nov 2024
- 2024BankTweak: Adversarial Attack against Multi-Object Trackers by Manipulating Feature Banks22 Aug 2024
- 2024Temporal Correlation Meets Embedding: Towards a 2nd Generation of JDE-based Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking19 Jul 2024
- 2024Hierarchical IoU Tracking based on Interval19 Jun 2024
- 2024STT: Stateful Tracking with Transformers for Autonomous Driving30 Apr 2024
- 2024DeconfuseTrack:Dealing with Confusion for Multi-Object Tracking5 Mar 2024
- 2023Multi-Scene Generalized Trajectory Global Graph Solver with Composite Nodes for Multiple Object Tracking14 Dec 2023
- 2023DeNoising-MOT: Towards Multiple Object Tracking with Severe Occlusions9 Sep 2023
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Clouds19 Aug 2023
30 more
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Association27 Mar 2023
- 2022Joint Counting, Detection and Re-Identification for Multi-Object Tracking12 Dec 2022
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchies6 Dec 2022
- 2022Multiple Object Tracking from appearance by hierarchically clustering tracklets7 Oct 2022
- 2022In Pursuit of Many: A Review of Modern Multiple Object Tracking Systems11 Sep 2022
- 2022Enhancing Space-time Video Super-resolution via Spatial-temporal Feature Interaction18 Jul 2022
- 2022Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation via Neural Message Passing15 Jul 2022
- 2022Depth Perspective-aware Multiple Object Tracking10 Jul 2022
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Tracker9 Jun 2022
- 2022VITA: Video Instance Segmentation via Object Token Association9 Jun 2022
- 2022Joint Spatial-Temporal and Appearance Modeling with Transformer for Multiple Object Tracking31 May 2022
- 2022Do Deep Neural Networks Always Perform Better When Eating More Data?30 May 2022
- 2022Recent Advances in Embedding Methods for Multi-Object Tracking: A Survey22 May 2022
- 2022Detection Recovery in Online Multi-Object Tracking with Sparse Graph Tracker2 May 2022
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wild30 Apr 2022
- 2022FasterVideo: Efficient Online Joint Object Detection And Tracking15 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning of Global Objective for Network Flow in Multi-Object Tracking30 Mar 2022
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Tracking27 Mar 2022
- 2022Global Tracking Transformers24 Mar 2022
- 2022DSRRTracker: Dynamic Search Region Refinement for Attention-based Siamese Multi-Object Tracking21 Mar 2022
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Again28 Feb 2022
- 2022Adiabatic Quantum Computing for Multi Object Tracking17 Feb 2022
- 2022Can Deep Learning be Applied to Model-Based Multi-Object Tracking?16 Feb 2022
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box13 Oct 2021
- 2021A Survey of Fish Tracking Techniques Based on Computer Vision6 Oct 2021
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?21 Aug 2021
- 2021SDOF-Tracker: Fast and Accurate Multiple Human Tracking by Skipped-Detection and Optical-Flow27 Jun 2021
- 2021Split and Connect: A Universal Tracklet Booster for Multi-Object Tracking6 May 2021
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Tracking1 Apr 2021
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformers27 Mar 2021
- 2021ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Boxcited by 812
- 2022Observation-Centric SORT: Rethinking SORT for Robust Multi-Object Trackingcited by 345
- 2022StrongSORT: Make DeepSORT Great Againcited by 213
- 2022Global Tracking Transformerscited by 110
- 2022VITA: Video Instance Segmentation via Object Token Associationcited by 94
- 2021TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Trackingcited by 93
- 2021MOTSynth: How Can Synthetic Data Help Pedestrian Detection and Tracking?cited by 68
- 2022Unifying Short and Long-Term Tracking with Graph Hierarchiescited by 62
- 2022Simple Cues Lead to a Strong Multi-Object Trackercited by 44
- 2022AnimalTrack: A Benchmark for Multi-Animal Tracking in the Wildcited by 37
- 2022Adiabatic Quantum Computing for Multi Object Trackingcited by 22
- 2021Looking Beyond Two Frames: End-to-End Multi-Object Tracking Using Spatial and Temporal Transformerscited by 21
12 most cited of 41 All 41 (JSON)
- 2025NOOUGAT: Towards Unified Online and Offline Multi-Object Tracking2 Sep 2025
- 2025MVTrajecter: Multi-View Pedestrian Tracking with Trajectory Motion Cost and Trajectory Appearance Cost1 Sep 2025
- 2024Learning a Neural Association Network for Self-supervised Multi-Object Tracking18 Nov 2024
- 2024BankTweak: Adversarial Attack against Multi-Object Trackers by Manipulating Feature Banks22 Aug 2024
- 2024Temporal Correlation Meets Embedding: Towards a 2nd Generation of JDE-based Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking19 Jul 2024
- 2024Hierarchical IoU Tracking based on Interval19 Jun 2024
- 2024STT: Stateful Tracking with Transformers for Autonomous Driving30 Apr 2024
- 2024DeconfuseTrack:Dealing with Confusion for Multi-Object Tracking5 Mar 2024
- 2023Multi-Scene Generalized Trajectory Global Graph Solver with Composite Nodes for Multiple Object Tracking14 Dec 2023
- 2023DeNoising-MOT: Towards Multiple Object Tracking with Severe Occlusions9 Sep 2023
- 2023LEGO: Learning and Graph-Optimized Modular Tracker for Online Multi-Object Tracking with Point Clouds19 Aug 2023
- 2023Learnable Graph Matching: A Practical Paradigm for Data Association27 Mar 2023
12 newest of 41 All 41 (JSON)