Learning to Remember: A Synaptic Plasticity Driven Framework for Continual Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Models trained in the context of continual learning (CL) should be able to learn from a stream of data over an undefined period of time. The main challenges herein are: 1) maintaining old knowledge while simultaneously benefiting from it when learning new tasks, and 2) guaranteeing model scalability with a growing amount of data to learn from. In order to tackle these challenges, we introduce Dynamic Generative Memory (DGM) - a synaptic plasticity driven framework for continual learning. DGM relies on conditional generative adversarial networks with learnable connection plasticity realized with neural masking. Specifically, we evaluate two variants of neural masking: applied to (i) layer activations and (ii) to connection weights directly. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic network expansion mechanism that ensures sufficient model capacity to accommodate for continually incoming tasks. The amount of added capacity is determined dynamically from the learned binary mask. We evaluate DGM in the continual class-incremental setup on visual classification tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 182 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 33; 2022: 40; 2023: 39; 2024: 32; 2025: 26; 2026: 12.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 450
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 245
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
- 2023Understanding plasticity in neural networkscited by 174
- 2021Self-Supervised Models are Continual Learnerscited by 149
- 2021Training Networks in Null Space of Feature Covariance for Continual Learningcited by 143
- 2023Continual Diffusion: Continual Customization of Text-to-Image Diffusion with C-LoRAcited by 141
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 131
- 2024Simple and Scalable Strategies to Continually Pre-train Large Language Modelscited by 127
- 2022Class-Incremental Learning by Knowledge Distillation with Adaptive Feature Consolidationcited by 113
38 more
- 2021Continual Semantic Segmentation via Repulsion-Attraction of Sparse and Disentangled Latent Representationscited by 96
- 2021RECALL: Replay-based Continual Learning in Semantic Segmentationcited by 83
- 2022A Theoretical Study on Solving Continual Learningcited by 80
- 2023Learning without Forgetting for Vision-Language Modelscited by 79
- 2021Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elementscited by 72
- 2021ORDisCo: Effective and Efficient Usage of Incremental Unlabeled Data for Semi-supervised Continual Learningcited by 68
- 2021Continual Learning via Local Module Compositioncited by 63
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2022Online Continual Learning for Embedded Devicescited by 49
- 2021Understanding Catastrophic Forgetting and Remembering in Continual Learning with Optimal Relevance Mappingcited by 48
- 2022Class-Incremental Learning for Action Recognition in Videoscited by 46
- 2021EEC: Learning to Encode and Regenerate Images for Continual Learningcited by 40
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Contrastive Distillation for Incremental Semantic Segmentationcited by 37
- 2023Audio-Visual Class-Incremental Learningcited by 33
- 2025SEFE: Superficial and Essential Forgetting Eliminator for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuningcited by 33
- 2022vCLIMB: A Novel Video Class Incremental Learning Benchmarkcited by 28
- 2022LifeLonger: A Benchmark for Continual Disease Classificationcited by 28
- 2023Learnability and Algorithm for Continual Learningcited by 28
- 2022Continual Learning with Bayesian Model based on a Fixed Pre-trained Feature Extractorcited by 27
- 2022A Multi-Head Model for Continual Learning via Out-of-Distribution Replaycited by 27
- 2021Multi-Domain Incremental Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 25
- 2022ALIFE: Adaptive Logit Regularizer and Feature Replay for Incremental Semantic Segmentationcited by 25
- 2023SIESTA: Efficient Online Continual Learning with Sleepcited by 24
- 2023Dealing with Cross-Task Class Discrimination in Online Continual Learningcited by 24
- 2023Catastrophic Forgetting in Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Taxonomycited by 24
- 2022Modeling Missing Annotations for Incremental Learning in Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2023Open-World Continual Learning: Unifying Novelty Detection and Continual Learningcited by 22
- 2021Continual Learning in Sensor-based Human Activity Recognition: an Empirical Benchmark Analysiscited by 21
- 2022Continual Learning Based on OOD Detection and Task Maskingcited by 21
- 2023Continual Segment: Towards a Single, Unified and Accessible Continual Segmentation Model of 143 Whole-body Organs in CT Scanscited by 21
- 2022ConStruct-VL: Data-Free Continual Structured VL Concepts Learningcited by 20
- 2024OVOR: OnePrompt with Virtual Outlier Regularization for Rehearsal-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 20
- 2021Preserving Earlier Knowledge in Continual Learning with the Help of All Previous Feature Extractorscited by 19
- 2023Continual Graph Learning: A Surveycited by 18
- 2023CoinSeg: Contrast Inter- and Intra- Class Representations for Incremental Segmentationcited by 18
- 2024SAFE: Slow and Fast Parameter-Efficient Tuning for Continual Learning with Pre-Trained Modelscited by 18
- 2024Adapter Merging with Centroid Prototype Mapping for Scalable Class-Incremental Learningcited by 18
50 most cited of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2026SPARS: A Stability-Plasticity-Aware Region Selection Framework for Continual Learning14 Oct 2026
- 2026Visual Branch is What You Need for CLIP-based Class-Incremental Learning29 Sep 2026
- 2026EvoSherlock: Towards Agentic Lifelong Evolution for Unseen Long-Tailed Security-Critical Events in Videos16 Sep 2026
- 2026Plasticity of Growing and Elastic Neural Networks in Online Continual Learning2 Aug 2026
- 2026SGFormer++: Semantic Graph Transformer for Incremental 3D Scene Graph Generation13 Jun 2026
- 2026Understanding Imbalanced Forgetting in Rehearsal-Based Class-Incremental Learning14 May 2026
- 2026Unlocking Patch-Level Features for CLIP-Based Class-Incremental Learning13 May 2026
- 2026ReConText3D: Replay-based Continual Text-to-3D Generation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Prompt Degradation: Prototype-guided Dual-pool Prompting for Incremental Object Detection2 Mar 2026
- 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspective2 Feb 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025LibContinual: A Comprehensive Library towards Realistic Continual Learning26 Dec 2025
- 2025Bring Your Dreams to Life: Continual Text-to-Video Customization5 Dec 2025
- 2025Merge and Bound: Direct Manipulations on Weights for Class Incremental Learning26 Nov 2025
- 2025Dual-LoRA and Quality-Enhanced Pseudo Replay for Multimodal Continual Food Learning17 Nov 2025
- 2025Sharing the Learned Knowledge-base to Estimate Convolutional Filter Parameters for Continual Image Restoration7 Nov 2025
- 2025Efficient Reinforcement Learning by Reducing Forgetting with Elephant Activation Functions23 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Robust Visual Continual Learning with Multi-Prototype Supervision19 Sep 2025
- 2025Global Pre-fixing, Local Adjusting: A Simple yet Effective Contrastive Strategy for Continual Learning18 Sep 2025
- 2025Investigation of D-Wave quantum annealing for training Restricted Boltzmann Machines and mitigating catastrophic forgetting21 Aug 2025
- 2025RainbowPrompt: Diversity-Enhanced Prompt-Evolving for Continual Learning30 Jul 2025
- 2025Foundation Models as Class-Incremental Learners for Dermatological Image Classification18 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Query-based Transformer for Continual Image Segmentation10 Jul 2025
- 2025EKPC: Elastic Knowledge Preservation and Compensation for Class-Incremental Learning14 Jun 2025
- 2025Flashbacks to Harmonize Stability and Plasticity in Continual Learning31 May 2025
- 2025Contrastive Consolidation of Top-Down Modulations Achieves Sparsely Supervised Continual Learning20 May 2025
- 2025TaskVAE: Task-Specific Variational Autoencoders for Exemplar Generation in Continual Learning for Human Activity Recognition10 May 2025
- 2025Autoencoder-Based Hybrid Replay for Class-Incremental Learning9 May 2025
- 2025SEFE: Superficial and Essential Forgetting Eliminator for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning5 May 2025
- 2025Proxy-Anchor and EVT-Driven Continual Learning Method for Generalized Category Discovery11 Apr 2025
- 2025Boosting the Class-Incremental Learning in 3D Point Clouds via Zero-Collection-Cost Basic Shape Pre-Training11 Apr 2025
- 2025BECAME: BayEsian Continual Learning with Adaptive Model MErging3 Apr 2025
- 2025IAP: Improving Continual Learning of Vision-Language Models via Instance-Aware Prompting26 Mar 2025
- 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypes17 Mar 2025
- 2025Continual Learning for Multiple Modalities11 Mar 2025
- 2025Advancing Prompt-Based Methods for Replay-Independent General Continual Learning2 Mar 2025
- 2025Upweighting Easy Samples in Fine-Tuning Mitigates Forgetting5 Feb 2025
- 2024Adapter Merging with Centroid Prototype Mapping for Scalable Class-Incremental Learning24 Dec 2024
- 2024Modality-Inconsistent Continual Learning of Multimodal Large Language Models17 Dec 2024
- 2024Continual Audio-Visual Sound Separation5 Nov 2024
- 2024SAFE: Slow and Fast Parameter-Efficient Tuning for Continual Learning with Pre-Trained Models4 Nov 2024
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completion23 Oct 2024
- 2024Hybrid Memory Replay: Blending Real and Distilled Data for Class Incremental Learning20 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applications11 Oct 2024
- 2024MIRACLE3D: Memory-efficient Integrated Robust Approach for Continual Learning on Point Clouds via Shape Model Construction8 Oct 2024
- 2024Task-recency bias strikes back: Adapting covariances in Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning26 Sep 2024
- 2024Continual Learning in 3D Point Clouds: Employing Spectral Techniques for Exemplar Selection12 Sep 2024
- 2024Overcoming Growth-Induced Forgetting in Task-Agnostic Continual Learning20 Aug 2024
- 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyond6 Aug 2024
50 newest of 182 All 182 (JSON)
- 2022Class-Incremental Learning by Knowledge Distillation with Adaptive Feature Consolidationcited by 113
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 54
- 2022Modeling Missing Annotations for Incremental Learning in Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2024Orchestrate Latent Expertise: Advancing Online Continual Learning with Multi-Level Supervision and Reverse Self-Distillationcited by 16
- 2024Bridge Past and Future: Overcoming Information Asymmetry in Incremental Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2022Online Continual Learning via the Meta-learning Update with Multi-scale Knowledge Distillation and Data Augmentationcited by 6
- 2024Background Adaptation with Residual Modeling for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentationcited by 5
- 2024Bridge Past and Future: Overcoming Information Asymmetry in Incremental Object Detection16 Jul 2024
- 2024Background Adaptation with Residual Modeling for Exemplar-Free Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentation13 Jul 2024
- 2024Orchestrate Latent Expertise: Advancing Online Continual Learning with Multi-Level Supervision and Reverse Self-Distillation30 Mar 2024
- 2022Online Continual Learning via the Meta-learning Update with Multi-scale Knowledge Distillation and Data Augmentation12 Sep 2022
- 2022Modeling Missing Annotations for Incremental Learning in Object Detection19 Apr 2022
- 2022Class-Incremental Learning by Knowledge Distillation with Adaptive Feature Consolidation2 Apr 2022
- 2022A Closer Look at Rehearsal-Free Continual Learning31 Mar 2022
- 2023Learning without Forgetting for Vision-Language Modelscited by 79
- 2025SEFE: Superficial and Essential Forgetting Eliminator for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuningcited by 33
- 2025IAP: Improving Continual Learning of Vision-Language Models via Instance-Aware Promptingcited by 7
- 2024Modality-Inconsistent Continual Learning of Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 6
- 2025SEFE: Superficial and Essential Forgetting Eliminator for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning5 May 2025
- 2025IAP: Improving Continual Learning of Vision-Language Models via Instance-Aware Prompting26 Mar 2025
- 2024Modality-Inconsistent Continual Learning of Multimodal Large Language Models17 Dec 2024
- 2023Learning without Forgetting for Vision-Language Models30 May 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 450
- 2021DER: Dynamically Expandable Representation for Class Incremental Learningcited by 355
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 245
- 2023Class-Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 209
- 2023Understanding plasticity in neural networkscited by 174
- 2021Self-Supervised Models are Continual Learnerscited by 149
- 2021Training Networks in Null Space of Feature Covariance for Continual Learningcited by 143
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 131
- 2024Simple and Scalable Strategies to Continually Pre-train Large Language Modelscited by 127
- 2021Continual Semantic Segmentation via Repulsion-Attraction of Sparse and Disentangled Latent Representationscited by 96
- 2021RECALL: Replay-based Continual Learning in Semantic Segmentationcited by 83
12 most cited of 166 All 166 (JSON)
- 2026SPARS: A Stability-Plasticity-Aware Region Selection Framework for Continual Learning14 Oct 2026
- 2026Visual Branch is What You Need for CLIP-based Class-Incremental Learning29 Sep 2026
- 2026Plasticity of Growing and Elastic Neural Networks in Online Continual Learning2 Aug 2026
- 2026SGFormer++: Semantic Graph Transformer for Incremental 3D Scene Graph Generation13 Jun 2026
- 2026Understanding Imbalanced Forgetting in Rehearsal-Based Class-Incremental Learning14 May 2026
- 2026Unlocking Patch-Level Features for CLIP-Based Class-Incremental Learning13 May 2026
- 2026ReConText3D: Replay-based Continual Text-to-3D Generation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Prompt Degradation: Prototype-guided Dual-pool Prompting for Incremental Object Detection2 Mar 2026
- 2026Provable Effects of Data Replay in Continual Learning: A Feature Learning Perspective2 Feb 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025LibContinual: A Comprehensive Library towards Realistic Continual Learning26 Dec 2025
12 newest of 166 All 166 (JSON)