EEC: Learning to Encode and Regenerate Images for Continual Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
The two main impediments to continual learning are catastrophic forgetting and memory limitations on the storage of data. To cope with these challenges, we propose a novel, cognitively-inspired approach which trains autoencoders with Neural Style Transfer to encode and store images. During training on a new task, reconstructed images from encoded episodes are replayed in order to avoid catastrophic forgetting. The loss function for the reconstructed images is weighted to reduce its effect during classifier training to cope with image degradation. When the system runs out of memory the encoded episodes are converted into centroids and covariance matrices, which are used to generate pseudo-images during classifier training, keeping classifier performance stable while using less memory. Our approach increases classification accuracy by 13-17% over state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets, while requiring 78% less storage space.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jan 2021.
Builds on
20 of 32 references.
References · 20
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
- 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
- 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,787
- 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,933
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
- 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,235
- 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,054
- 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,158
- 2018Riemannian Walk for Incremental Learning: Understanding Forgetting and Intransigencecited by 742
- 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 732
8 more
- 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
- 2019Learning to Remember: A Synaptic Plasticity Driven Framework for Continual Learningcited by 182
- 2017FearNet: Brain-Inspired Model for Incremental Learningcited by 177
- 2019Lifelong Machine Learning with Deep Streaming Linear Discriminant Analysiscited by 92
- 2017Continual Learning in Generative Adversarial Netscited by 51
- 2018Incremental Classifier Learning with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 32
- 2020Tell me what this is: Few-Shot Incremental Object Learning by a Robotcited by 18
- 2020Storing Encoded Episodes as Concepts for Continual Learningcited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 131
- 2024CoIN: A Benchmark of Continual Instruction tuNing for Multimodel Large Language Modelcited by 61
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robotcited by 25
- 2023Open-World Continual Learning: Unifying Novelty Detection and Continual Learningcited by 22
- 2022Incremental Learning of Structured Memory via Closed-Loop Transcriptioncited by 17
- 2024Provable Contrastive Continual Learningcited by 13
- 2021F-SIOL-310: A Robotic Dataset and Benchmark for Few-Shot Incremental Object Learningcited by 11
- 2023Task Difficulty Aware Parameter Allocation & Regularization for Lifelong Learningcited by 11
- 2023Class Gradient Projection For Continual Learningcited by 11
28 more
- 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypescited by 11
- 2024CorpusBrain++: A Continual Generative Pre-Training Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Language Taskscited by 10
- 2024TEAM: Topological Evolution-aware Framework for Traffic Forecasting--Extended Versioncited by 10
- 2021IB-DRR: Incremental Learning with Information-Back Discrete Representation Replaycited by 9
- 2022Continual Predictive Learning from Videoscited by 8
- 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applicationscited by 8
- 2024Interactive Continual Learning Architecture for Long-Term Personalization of Home Service Robotscited by 6
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 5
- 2021Neural Architecture Search of Deep Priors: Towards Continual Learning without Catastrophic Interferencecited by 4
- 2022Generative Negative Replay for Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2023Continual Learning through Human-Robot Interaction: Human Perceptions of a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactionscited by 4
- 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyondcited by 4
- 2023Towards Redundancy-Free Sub-networks in Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2021Learning Novel Objects Continually Through Curiositycited by 2
- 2022Saliency-Augmented Memory Completion for Continual Learningcited by 2
- 2023CBCL-PR: A Cognitively Inspired Model for Class-Incremental Learning in Roboticscited by 2
- 2023CUCL: Codebook for Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 2
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2026Janus-LoRA: A Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learningcited by 2
- 2022RECALL: Rehearsal-free Continual Learning for Object Classificationcited by 1
- 2023A Personalized Household Assistive Robot that Learns and Creates New Breakfast Options through Human-Robot Interactioncited by 1
- 2023How Do Human Users Teach a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactions?cited by 1
- 2023Continual Referring Expression Comprehension via Dual Modular Memorizationcited by 1
- 2024Neuro-mimetic Task-free Unsupervised Online Learning with Continual Self-Organizing Mapscited by 1
- 2024Continual Learning for Multimodal Data Fusion of a Soft Grippercited by 1
- 2024Hybrid Memory Replay: Blending Real and Distilled Data for Class Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2021Continual Learning of Visual Concepts for Robots through Limited Supervisioncited by 0
- 2025FeNeC: Enhancing Continual Learning via Feature Clustering with Neighbor- or Logit-Based Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Janus-LoRA: A Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning27 May 2026
- 2025FeNeC: Enhancing Continual Learning via Feature Clustering with Neighbor- or Logit-Based Classification18 Mar 2025
- 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypes17 Mar 2025
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learning13 Mar 2025
- 2024TEAM: Topological Evolution-aware Framework for Traffic Forecasting--Extended Version24 Oct 2024
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completion23 Oct 2024
- 2024Hybrid Memory Replay: Blending Real and Distilled Data for Class Incremental Learning20 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applications11 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Learning for Multimodal Data Fusion of a Soft Gripper20 Sep 2024
- 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyond6 Aug 2024
- 2024Provable Contrastive Continual Learning29 May 2024
- 2024CoIN: A Benchmark of Continual Instruction tuNing for Multimodel Large Language Model13 Mar 2024
28 more
- 2024Interactive Continual Learning Architecture for Long-Term Personalization of Home Service Robots6 Mar 2024
- 2024CorpusBrain++: A Continual Generative Pre-Training Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Language Tasks26 Feb 2024
- 2024Neuro-mimetic Task-free Unsupervised Online Learning with Continual Self-Organizing Maps19 Feb 2024
- 2023Towards Redundancy-Free Sub-networks in Continual Learning1 Dec 2023
- 2023CUCL: Codebook for Unsupervised Continual Learning25 Nov 2023
- 2023Continual Referring Expression Comprehension via Dual Modular Memorization25 Nov 2023
- 2023Class Gradient Projection For Continual Learning25 Nov 2023
- 2023CBCL-PR: A Cognitively Inspired Model for Class-Incremental Learning in Robotics31 Jul 2023
- 2023How Do Human Users Teach a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactions?30 Jun 2023
- 2023A Personalized Household Assistive Robot that Learns and Creates New Breakfast Options through Human-Robot Interaction30 Jun 2023
- 2023Continual Learning through Human-Robot Interaction: Human Perceptions of a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactions22 May 2023
- 2023Open-World Continual Learning: Unifying Novelty Detection and Continual Learning20 Apr 2023
- 2023Task Difficulty Aware Parameter Allocation & Regularization for Lifelong Learning11 Apr 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application31 Jan 2023
- 2022Saliency-Augmented Memory Completion for Continual Learning26 Dec 2022
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robot9 Oct 2022
- 2022RECALL: Rehearsal-free Continual Learning for Object Classification29 Sep 2022
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Composition15 Jul 2022
- 2022Generative Negative Replay for Continual Learning12 Apr 2022
- 2022Continual Predictive Learning from Videos12 Apr 2022
- 2022Incremental Learning of Structured Memory via Closed-Loop Transcription11 Feb 2022
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overview23 Sep 2021
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learning17 Jun 2021
- 2021IB-DRR: Incremental Learning with Information-Back Discrete Representation Replay21 Apr 2021
- 2021Neural Architecture Search of Deep Priors: Towards Continual Learning without Catastrophic Interference14 Apr 2021
- 2021F-SIOL-310: A Robotic Dataset and Benchmark for Few-Shot Incremental Object Learning23 Mar 2021
- 2021Learning Novel Objects Continually Through Curiosity13 Mar 2021
- 2021Continual Learning of Visual Concepts for Robots through Limited Supervision26 Jan 2021
- 2022Continual Predictive Learning from Videoscited by 8
- 2022Continual Predictive Learning from Videos12 Apr 2022
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 131
- 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robotcited by 25
- 2023Open-World Continual Learning: Unifying Novelty Detection and Continual Learningcited by 22
- 2022Incremental Learning of Structured Memory via Closed-Loop Transcriptioncited by 17
- 2024Provable Contrastive Continual Learningcited by 13
- 2021F-SIOL-310: A Robotic Dataset and Benchmark for Few-Shot Incremental Object Learningcited by 11
- 2023Task Difficulty Aware Parameter Allocation & Regularization for Lifelong Learningcited by 11
- 2023Class Gradient Projection For Continual Learningcited by 11
- 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypescited by 11
12 most cited of 37 All 37 (JSON)
- 2026Janus-LoRA: A Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learning27 May 2026
- 2025FeNeC: Enhancing Continual Learning via Feature Clustering with Neighbor- or Logit-Based Classification18 Mar 2025
- 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypes17 Mar 2025
- 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learning13 Mar 2025
- 2024TEAM: Topological Evolution-aware Framework for Traffic Forecasting--Extended Version24 Oct 2024
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completion23 Oct 2024
- 2024Hybrid Memory Replay: Blending Real and Distilled Data for Class Incremental Learning20 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applications11 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Learning for Multimodal Data Fusion of a Soft Gripper20 Sep 2024
- 2024Provable Contrastive Continual Learning29 May 2024
- 2024Interactive Continual Learning Architecture for Long-Term Personalization of Home Service Robots6 Mar 2024
- 2024CorpusBrain++: A Continual Generative Pre-Training Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Language Tasks26 Feb 2024
12 newest of 37 All 37 (JSON)