mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

EEC: Learning to Encode and Regenerate Images for Continual Learning

arXiv 2101.04904 ↗First posted 13 Jan 2021cs.CV cs.AI cs.LGcited by 40

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Abstract (arXiv)

The two main impediments to continual learning are catastrophic forgetting and memory limitations on the storage of data. To cope with these challenges, we propose a novel, cognitively-inspired approach which trains autoencoders with Neural Style Transfer to encode and store images. During training on a new task, reconstructed images from encoded episodes are replayed in order to avoid catastrophic forgetting. The loss function for the reconstructed images is weighted to reduce its effect during classifier training to cope with image degradation. When the system runs out of memory the encoded episodes are converted into centroids and covariance matrices, which are used to generate pseudo-images during classifier training, keeping classifier performance stable while using less memory. Our approach increases classification accuracy by 13-17% over state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets, while requiring 78% less storage space.

Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jan 2021.

Builds on

20 of 32 references.

References · 20

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,324
  4. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
  5. 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,787
  6. 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,933
  7. 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
  8. 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,235
  9. 2015Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2,054
  10. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,158
  11. 2018Riemannian Walk for Incremental Learning: Understanding Forgetting and Intransigencecited by 742
  12. 2019Large Scale Incremental Learningcited by 732
8 more
  1. 2018End-to-End Incremental Learningcited by 597
  2. 2019Learning to Remember: A Synaptic Plasticity Driven Framework for Continual Learningcited by 182
  3. 2017FearNet: Brain-Inspired Model for Incremental Learningcited by 177
  4. 2019Lifelong Machine Learning with Deep Streaming Linear Discriminant Analysiscited by 92
  5. 2017Continual Learning in Generative Adversarial Netscited by 51
  6. 2018Incremental Classifier Learning with Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 32
  7. 2020Tell me what this is: Few-Shot Incremental Object Learning by a Robotcited by 18
  8. 2020Storing Encoded Episodes as Concepts for Continual Learningcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 11; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

40 papers.

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  1. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
  2. 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 131
  3. 2024CoIN: A Benchmark of Continual Instruction tuNing for Multimodel Large Language Modelcited by 61
  4. 2021Recent Advances of Continual Learning in Computer Vision: An Overviewcited by 55
  5. 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
  6. 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robotcited by 25
  7. 2023Open-World Continual Learning: Unifying Novelty Detection and Continual Learningcited by 22
  8. 2022Incremental Learning of Structured Memory via Closed-Loop Transcriptioncited by 17
  9. 2024Provable Contrastive Continual Learningcited by 13
  10. 2021F-SIOL-310: A Robotic Dataset and Benchmark for Few-Shot Incremental Object Learningcited by 11
  11. 2023Task Difficulty Aware Parameter Allocation & Regularization for Lifelong Learningcited by 11
  12. 2023Class Gradient Projection For Continual Learningcited by 11
28 more
  1. 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypescited by 11
  2. 2024CorpusBrain++: A Continual Generative Pre-Training Framework for Knowledge-Intensive Language Taskscited by 10
  3. 2024TEAM: Topological Evolution-aware Framework for Traffic Forecasting--Extended Versioncited by 10
  4. 2021IB-DRR: Incremental Learning with Information-Back Discrete Representation Replaycited by 9
  5. 2022Continual Predictive Learning from Videoscited by 8
  6. 2024Continual Learning with Neuromorphic Computing: Foundations, Methods, and Emerging Applicationscited by 8
  7. 2024Interactive Continual Learning Architecture for Long-Term Personalization of Home Service Robotscited by 6
  8. 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 5
  9. 2021Neural Architecture Search of Deep Priors: Towards Continual Learning without Catastrophic Interferencecited by 4
  10. 2022Generative Negative Replay for Continual Learningcited by 4
  11. 2023Continual Learning through Human-Robot Interaction: Human Perceptions of a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactionscited by 4
  12. 2024Diffusion Model Meets Non-Exemplar Class-Incremental Learning and Beyondcited by 4
  13. 2023Towards Redundancy-Free Sub-networks in Continual Learningcited by 3
  14. 2021Learning Novel Objects Continually Through Curiositycited by 2
  15. 2022Saliency-Augmented Memory Completion for Continual Learningcited by 2
  16. 2023CBCL-PR: A Cognitively Inspired Model for Class-Incremental Learning in Roboticscited by 2
  17. 2023CUCL: Codebook for Unsupervised Continual Learningcited by 2
  18. 2025EFC++: Elastic Feature Consolidation with Prototype Re-balancing for Cold Start Exemplar-free Incremental Learningcited by 2
  19. 2026Janus-LoRA: A Balanced Low-Rank Adaptation for Continual Learningcited by 2
  20. 2022RECALL: Rehearsal-free Continual Learning for Object Classificationcited by 1
  21. 2023A Personalized Household Assistive Robot that Learns and Creates New Breakfast Options through Human-Robot Interactioncited by 1
  22. 2023How Do Human Users Teach a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactions?cited by 1
  23. 2023Continual Referring Expression Comprehension via Dual Modular Memorizationcited by 1
  24. 2024Neuro-mimetic Task-free Unsupervised Online Learning with Continual Self-Organizing Mapscited by 1
  25. 2024Continual Learning for Multimodal Data Fusion of a Soft Grippercited by 1
  26. 2024Hybrid Memory Replay: Blending Real and Distilled Data for Class Incremental Learningcited by 1
  27. 2021Continual Learning of Visual Concepts for Robots through Limited Supervisioncited by 0
  28. 2025FeNeC: Enhancing Continual Learning via Feature Clustering with Neighbor- or Logit-Based Classificationcited by 0