mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Efficient Search for Diverse Coherent Explanations

arXiv 1901.04909 ↗First posted 2 Jan 2019cs.LG stat.MLcited by 111

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper proposes new search algorithms for counterfactual explanations based upon mixed integer programming. We are concerned with complex data in which variables may take any value from a contiguous range or an additional set of discrete states. We propose a novel set of constraints that we refer to as a "mixed polytope" and show how this can be used with an integer programming solver to efficiently find coherent counterfactual explanations i.e. solutions that are guaranteed to map back onto the underlying data structure, while avoiding the need for brute-force enumeration. We also look at the problem of diverse explanations and show how these can be generated within our framework.

Key facts. Cited by 111 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Jan 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 20; 2023: 25; 2024: 18; 2025: 17; 2026: 10.

111 papers.

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  1. 2021Deep Neural Networks and Tabular Data: A Surveycited by 489
  2. 2023AI Transparency in the Age of LLMs: A Human-Centered Research Roadmapcited by 119
  3. 2021CARLA: A Python Library to Benchmark Algorithmic Recourse and Counterfactual Explanation Algorithmscited by 85
  4. 2021If Only We Had Better Counterfactual Explanations: Five Key Deficits to Rectify in the Evaluation of Counterfactual XAI Techniquescited by 82
  5. 2021Counterfactuals and Causability in Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Theory, Algorithms, and Applicationscited by 59
  6. 2021Beyond Trivial Counterfactual Explanations with Diverse Valuable Explanationscited by 56
  7. 2022CLEAR: Generative Counterfactual Explanations on Graphscited by 48
  8. 2021Optimal Counterfactual Explanations in Tree Ensemblescited by 36
  9. 2022Cycle-Consistent Counterfactuals by Latent Transformationscited by 33
  10. 2022DualCF: Efficient Model Extraction Attack from Counterfactual Explanationscited by 31
  11. 2021ReLAX: Reinforcement Learning Agent eXplainer for Arbitrary Predictive Modelscited by 25
  12. 2021Amortized Generation of Sequential Algorithmic Recourses for Black-box Modelscited by 24
38 more
  1. 2021Counterfactual Shapley Additive Explanationscited by 22
  2. 2022VCNet: A self-explaining model for realistic counterfactual generationcited by 20
  3. 2021Diverse, Global and Amortised Counterfactual Explanations for Uncertainty Estimatescited by 19
  4. 2022Counterfactual Plans under Distributional Ambiguitycited by 19
  5. 2023Finding Regions of Counterfactual Explanations via Robust Optimizationcited by 19
  6. 2021Rational Shapley Valuescited by 18
  7. 2021Directive Explanations for Actionable Explainability in Machine Learning Applicationscited by 14
  8. 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Oblique Decision Trees: Exact, Efficient Algorithmscited by 14
  9. 2023Efficient XAI Techniques: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 14
  10. 2022MACE: An Efficient Model-Agnostic Framework for Counterfactual Explanationcited by 12
  11. 2022Counterfactual Explanations for Misclassified Images: How Human and Machine Explanations Differcited by 12
  12. 2023Distributionally Robust Recourse Actioncited by 12
  13. 2022Feature-based Learning for Diverse and Privacy-Preserving Counterfactual Explanationscited by 11
  14. 2023Achieving Diversity in Counterfactual Explanations: a Review and Discussioncited by 11
  15. 2024Probabilistically Plausible Counterfactual Explanations with Normalizing Flowscited by 11
  16. 2021Multi-objective Explanations of GNN Predictionscited by 10
  17. 2022Diverse Counterfactual Explanations for Anomaly Detection in Time Seriescited by 10
  18. 2022Personalized Algorithmic Recourse with Preference Elicitationcited by 9
  19. 2023GAM Coach: Towards Interactive and User-centered Algorithmic Recoursecited by 9
  20. 2023Generating collective counterfactual explanations in score-based classification via mathematical optimizationcited by 9
  21. 2024Counterfactual Explanations via Riemannian Latent Space Traversalcited by 9
  22. 2022Counterfactual Explanations Using Optimization With Constraint Learningcited by 8
  23. 2023TIGTEC : Token Importance Guided TExt Counterfactualscited by 8
  24. 2022Benchmarking Instance-Centric Counterfactual Algorithms for XAI: From White Box to Black Boxcited by 7
  25. 2022A Query-Optimal Algorithm for Finding Counterfactualscited by 7
  26. 2025Towards Desiderata-Driven Design of Visual Counterfactual Explainerscited by 7
  27. 2021Optimal Counterfactual Explanations for Scorecard modellingcited by 6
  28. 2023Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Counterfactual Estimationcited by 6
  29. 2023Feasible Recourse Plan via Diverse Interpolationcited by 6
  30. 2023Flexible and Robust Counterfactual Explanations with Minimal Satisfiable Perturbationscited by 6
  31. 2024Generating Likely Counterfactuals Using Sum-Product Networkscited by 6
  32. 2025Exploring Energy Landscapes for Minimal Counterfactual Explanations: Applications in Cybersecurity and Beyondcited by 6
  33. 2021Counterfactual Explanations via Latent Space Projection and Interpolationcited by 5
  34. 2023Navigating Explanatory Multiverse Through Counterfactual Path Geometrycited by 5
  35. 2023Co-audit: tools to help humans double-check AI-generated contentcited by 5
  36. 2024Sparse and Faithful Explanations Without Sparse Modelscited by 5
  37. 2024Unifying Perspectives: Plausible Counterfactual Explanations on Global, Group-wise, and Local Levelscited by 5
  38. 2021Case Level Counterfactual Reasoning in Process Miningcited by 4

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