MS-ASL: A Large-Scale Data Set and Benchmark for Understanding American Sign Language
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Abstract (arXiv)
Sign language recognition is a challenging and often underestimated problem comprising multi-modal articulators (handshape, orientation, movement, upper body and face) that integrate asynchronously on multiple streams. Learning powerful statistical models in such a scenario requires much data, particularly to apply recent advances of the field. However, labeled data is a scarce resource for sign language due to the enormous cost of transcribing these unwritten languages. We propose the first real-life large-scale sign language data set comprising over 25,000 annotated videos, which we thoroughly evaluate with state-of-the-art methods from sign and related action recognition. Unlike the current state-of-the-art, the data set allows to investigate the generalization to unseen individuals (signer-independent test) in a realistic setting with over 200 signers. Previous work mostly deals with limited vocabulary tasks, while here, we cover a large class count of 1000 signs in challenging and unconstrained real-life recording conditions. We further propose I3D, known from video classifications, as a powerful and suitable architecture for sign language recognition, outperforming the current state-of-the-art by a large margin. The data set is publicly available to the community.
Key facts. Cited by 118 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 15; 2023: 21; 2024: 30; 2025: 18; 2026: 15.
118 papers.
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- 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 179
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 130
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 105
- 2021Visual Alignment Constraint for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 80
- 2022A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translationcited by 80
- 2023YouTube-ASL: A Large-Scale, Open-Domain American Sign Language-English Parallel Corpuscited by 75
- 2021Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processingcited by 68
- 2021SignBERT: Pre-Training of Hand-Model-Aware Representation for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 60
- 2023SignBERT+: Hand-model-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 59
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 57
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scalecited by 56
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 51
38 more
- 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from textcited by 49
- 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
- 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
- 2023BEST: BERT Pre-Training for Sign Language Recognition with Coupling Tokenizationcited by 35
- 2021Read and Attend: Temporal Localisation in Sign Language Videoscited by 34
- 2023ASL Citizen: A Community-Sourced Dataset for Advancing Isolated Sign Language Recognitioncited by 34
- 2023CiCo: Domain-Aware Sign Language Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learningcited by 33
- 2021Content4All Open Research Sign Language Translation Datasetscited by 30
- 2023SignAvatars: A Large-scale 3D Sign Language Holistic Motion Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 29
- 2021BBC-Oxford British Sign Language Datasetcited by 28
- 2021SimulSLT: End-to-End Simultaneous Sign Language Translationcited by 27
- 2023Improving Continuous Sign Language Recognition with Cross-Lingual Signscited by 27
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Context: Sign Language Translation with Contextual Cuescited by 26
- 2021Evaluating the Immediate Applicability of Pose Estimation for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 25
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Human Video Generation: Challenges, Methods, and Insightscited by 25
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrievalcited by 24
- 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 23
- 2024SHuBERT: Self-Supervised Sign Language Representation Learning via Multi-Stream Cluster Predictioncited by 22
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 21
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 21
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
- 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 19
- 2023The Sem-Lex Benchmark: Modeling ASL Signs and Their Phonemescited by 17
- 2021Sign Language Recognition via Skeleton-Aware Multi-Model Ensemblecited by 16
- 2023Is context all you need? Scaling Neural Sign Language Translation to Large Domains of Discoursecited by 15
- 2024A Tale of Two Languages: Large-Vocabulary Continuous Sign Language Recognition from Spoken Language Supervisioncited by 15
- 2025SignRep: Enhancing Self-Supervised Sign Representationscited by 15
- 2024Towards Online Continuous Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 14
- 2024LLaVA-SLT: Visual Language Tuning for Sign Language Translationcited by 14
- 2022Towards Zero-shot Sign Language Recognitioncited by 13
- 2024MASA: Motion-aware Masked Autoencoder with Semantic Alignment for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 13
- 2021Using Motion History Images with 3D Convolutional Networks in Isolated Sign Language Recognitioncited by 12
- 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionariescited by 12
- 2021PiSLTRc: Position-informed Sign Language Transformer with Content-aware Convolutioncited by 11
- 2021ChaLearn LAP Large Scale Signer Independent Isolated Sign Language Recognition Challenge: Design, Results and Future Researchcited by 10
- 2022Weakly-supervised Fingerspelling Recognition in British Sign Language Videoscited by 10
- 2025Survey on Hand Gesture Recognition from Visual Inputcited by 10
- 2026Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation: An Unbiased Evaluation of Progress in the Fieldcited by 9
50 most cited of 118 All 118 (JSON)
- 2026Machine Translation for Sign Languages1 Oct 2026
- 2026Isolated Sign Language Recognition for Icelandic Sign Language: Experiments in a Low-resource Setting22 Sep 2026
- 2026SignSeek: Learning Transferable Representations for Sign Dictionary Retrieval3 Sep 2026
- 2026JSL-DC: A Word-Level Japanese Sign Language Dataset with Linguist-Derived Descriptions for Distinguishing Confusable Signs19 Aug 2026
- 2026TransSLR: A Lightweight Transformer for Sign Language Recognition3 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic Hardness Is Not Visual Hardness: Sign-Aware Hard Negative Mining for Sign Language Retrieval10 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards Continuous Sign Language Conversation from Isolated Signs14 May 2026
- 2026SignVerse-2M: A Two-Million-Clip Pose-Native Universe of 55+ Sign Languages3 May 2026
- 2026Sign-Language Datasets at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey on Resources, Benchmarks, and Annotation Standards28 Apr 2026
- 2026CNSL-bench: Benchmarking the Sign Language Understanding Capabilities of MLLMs on Chinese National Sign Language24 Apr 2026
- 2026Sign Language Recognition in the Age of LLMs13 Apr 2026
- 2026SyriSign: A Parallel Corpus for Arabic Text to Syrian Arabic Sign Language Translation31 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026LA-Sign: Looped Transformers with Geometry-aware Alignment for Skeleton-based Sign Language Recognition30 Mar 2026
- 2026SignAgent: Agentic LLMs for Linguistically-Grounded Sign Language Annotation and Dataset Curation19 Mar 2026
- 2026Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation: An Unbiased Evaluation of Progress in the Field18 Feb 2026
- 2025SignIT: A Comprehensive Dataset and Multimodal Analysis for Italian Sign Language Recognition16 Dec 2025
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Embeddings: Sign Language Translation and Alignment8 Dec 2025
- 2025Introducing A Bangla Sentence - Gloss Pair Dataset for Bangla Sign Language Translation and Research11 Nov 2025
- 2025Text-Driven 3D Hand Motion Generation from Sign Language Data21 Aug 2025
- 2025FusionEnsemble-Net: An Attention-Based Ensemble of Spatiotemporal Networks for Multimodal Sign Language Recognition12 Aug 2025
- 2025Using Sign Language Production as Data Augmentation to enhance Sign Language Translation11 Jun 2025
- 2025Dual-view Spatio-Temporal Feature Fusion with CNN-Transformer Hybrid Network for Chinese Isolated Sign Language Recognition8 Jun 2025
- 2025EmoSign: A Multimodal Dataset for Understanding Emotions in American Sign Language20 May 2025
- 2025Logos as a Well-Tempered Pre-train for Sign Language Recognition15 May 2025
- 2025SSLR: A Semi-Supervised Learning Method for Isolated Sign Language Recognition23 Apr 2025
- 2025Stack Transformer Based Spatial-Temporal Attention Model for Dynamic Sign Language and Fingerspelling Recognition21 Mar 2025
- 2025Cross-Modal Consistency Learning for Sign Language Recognition16 Mar 2025
- 2025ISLR101: an Iranian Word-Level Sign Language Recognition Dataset16 Mar 2025
- 2025SignRep: Enhancing Self-Supervised Sign Representations11 Mar 2025
- 2025Sign Language Translation using Frame and Event Stream: Benchmark Dataset and Algorithms9 Mar 2025
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scale25 Jan 2025
- 2025Survey on Hand Gesture Recognition from Visual Input21 Jan 2025
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Context: Sign Language Translation with Contextual Cues16 Jan 2025
- 2024LLaVA-SLT: Visual Language Tuning for Sign Language Translation21 Dec 2024
- 2024Training Strategies for Isolated Sign Language Recognition16 Dec 2024
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generator26 Nov 2024
- 2024SHuBERT: Self-Supervised Sign Language Representation Learning via Multi-Stream Cluster Prediction25 Nov 2024
- 2024"We do use it, but not how hearing people think": How the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Community Uses Large Language Model Tools28 Oct 2024
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Dataset25 Oct 2024
- 2024AirLetters: An Open Video Dataset of Characters Drawn in the Air3 Oct 2024
- 2024ELMI: Interactive and Intelligent Sign Language Translation of Lyrics for Song Signing15 Sep 2024
- 2024The NGT200 Dataset: Geometric Multi-View Isolated Sign Recognition3 Sep 2024
- 20243D-LEX v1.0: 3D Lexicons for American Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands3 Sep 2024
- 2024SCOPE: Sign Language Contextual Processing with Embedding from LLMs2 Sep 2024
- 2024Event Stream-based Sign Language Translation: A High-Definition Benchmark Dataset and A Novel Baseline20 Aug 2024
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrieval19 Aug 2024
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understanding16 Aug 2024
- 2024A Methodological and Structural Review of Hand Gesture Recognition Across Diverse Data Modalities10 Aug 2024
- 2024Hierarchical Windowed Graph Attention Network and a Large Scale Dataset for Isolated Indian Sign Language Recognition19 Jul 2024
- 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Events17 Jul 2024
50 newest of 118 All 118 (JSON)
- 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 179
- 2023One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery with Component Aware Transformercited by 130
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 105
- 2021Visual Alignment Constraint for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 80
- 2022A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translationcited by 80
- 2023YouTube-ASL: A Large-Scale, Open-Domain American Sign Language-English Parallel Corpuscited by 75
- 2021Including Signed Languages in Natural Language Processingcited by 68
- 2021SignBERT: Pre-Training of Hand-Model-Aware Representation for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 60
- 2023SignBERT+: Hand-model-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 59
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 57
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scalecited by 56
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 51
12 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Machine Translation for Sign Languages1 Oct 2026
- 2026Isolated Sign Language Recognition for Icelandic Sign Language: Experiments in a Low-resource Setting22 Sep 2026
- 2026SignSeek: Learning Transferable Representations for Sign Dictionary Retrieval3 Sep 2026
- 2026JSL-DC: A Word-Level Japanese Sign Language Dataset with Linguist-Derived Descriptions for Distinguishing Confusable Signs19 Aug 2026
- 2026TransSLR: A Lightweight Transformer for Sign Language Recognition3 Aug 2026
- 2026Semantic Hardness Is Not Visual Hardness: Sign-Aware Hard Negative Mining for Sign Language Retrieval10 Jul 2026
- 2026Towards Continuous Sign Language Conversation from Isolated Signs14 May 2026
- 2026SignVerse-2M: A Two-Million-Clip Pose-Native Universe of 55+ Sign Languages3 May 2026
- 2026Sign-Language Datasets at Scale: A Comprehensive Survey on Resources, Benchmarks, and Annotation Standards28 Apr 2026
- 2026CNSL-bench: Benchmarking the Sign Language Understanding Capabilities of MLLMs on Chinese National Sign Language24 Apr 2026
- 2026SyriSign: A Parallel Corpus for Arabic Text to Syrian Arabic Sign Language Translation31 Mar 2026
- 2026LA-Sign: Looped Transformers with Geometry-aware Alignment for Skeleton-based Sign Language Recognition30 Mar 2026
12 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)