A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper proposes a simple transfer learning baseline for sign language translation. Existing sign language datasets (e.g. PHOENIX-2014T, CSL-Daily) contain only about 10K-20K pairs of sign videos, gloss annotations and texts, which are an order of magnitude smaller than typical parallel data for training spoken language translation models. Data is thus a bottleneck for training effective sign language translation models. To mitigate this problem, we propose to progressively pretrain the model from general-domain datasets that include a large amount of external supervision to within-domain datasets. Concretely, we pretrain the sign-to-gloss visual network on the general domain of human actions and the within-domain of a sign-to-gloss dataset, and pretrain the gloss-to-text translation network on the general domain of a multilingual corpus and the within-domain of a gloss-to-text corpus. The joint model is fine-tuned with an additional module named the visual-language mapper that connects the two networks. This simple baseline surpasses the previous state-of-the-art results on two sign language translation benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness of transfer learning. With its simplicity and strong performance, this approach can serve as a solid baseline for future research. Code and models are available at: https://github.com/FangyunWei/SLRT.
Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Mar 2022.
Builds on
35 of 50 references.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 17; 2024: 20; 2025: 25; 2026: 12.
80 papers.
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- 2022Two-Stream Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 122
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 104
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translatorscited by 76
- 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 56
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scalecited by 55
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 50
- 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from textcited by 48
- 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
- 2023CVT-SLR: Contrastive Visual-Textual Transformation for Sign Language Recognition with Variational Alignmentcited by 44
- 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
- 2023SLTUNET: A Simple Unified Model for Sign Language Translationcited by 35
38 more
- 2023CiCo: Domain-Aware Sign Language Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learningcited by 32
- 2023Gloss-Free End-to-End Sign Language Translationcited by 31
- 2024Improving Gloss-free Sign Language Translation by Reducing Representation Densitycited by 30
- 2022Frame-wise Action Representations for Long Videos via Sequence Contrastive Learningcited by 27
- 2023Improving Continuous Sign Language Recognition with Cross-Lingual Signscited by 27
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Context: Sign Language Translation with Contextual Cuescited by 25
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrievalcited by 23
- 2023Sign Language Translation with Iterative Prototypecited by 20
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 20
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generatorcited by 20
- 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 18
- 2023Cross-modality Data Augmentation for End-to-End Sign Language Translationcited by 16
- 2023Is context all you need? Scaling Neural Sign Language Translation to Large Domains of Discoursecited by 15
- 2024Leveraging the Power of MLLMs for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 13
- 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translationcited by 12
- 2022Improving Continuous Sign Language Recognition with Consistency Constraints and Signer Removalcited by 11
- 2022A Token-level Contrastive Framework for Sign Language Translationcited by 10
- 2023SlowFast Network for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 10
- 2026Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation: An Unbiased Evaluation of Progress in the Fieldcited by 9
- 2024Scaling Sign Language Translationcited by 8
- 2024CorrNet+: Sign Language Recognition and Translation via Spatial-Temporal Correlationcited by 7
- 2025Beyond Gloss: A Hand-Centric Framework for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 7
- 2023Self-Supervised Video Transformers for Isolated Sign Language Recognitioncited by 6
- 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Eventscited by 6
- 2025Using Pre-trained LLMs for Multivariate Time Series Forecastingcited by 6
- 2025Deep Understanding of Sign Language for Sign to Subtitle Alignmentcited by 6
- 2025Isharah: A Large-Scale Multi-Scene Dataset for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 6
- 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 6
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Embeddings: Sign Language Translation and Alignmentcited by 6
- 2024SignVTCL: Multi-Modal Continuous Sign Language Recognition Enhanced by Visual-Textual Contrastive Learningcited by 5
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 5
- 2025Large Multimodal Models for Low-Resource Languages: A Surveycited by 4
- 2025Sign Language Translation using Frame and Event Stream: Benchmark Dataset and Algorithmscited by 4
- 2025Fusion or Confusion? Multimodal Complexity Is Not All You Needcited by 4
- 2024Signformer is all you need: Towards Edge AI for Sign Languagecited by 3
- 2025SignX: Continuous Sign Recognition in Compact Pose-Rich Latent Spacecited by 3
- 2023VK-G2T: Vision and Context Knowledge enhanced Gloss2Textcited by 2
- 2025GLoT: A Novel Gated-Logarithmic Transformer for Efficient Sign Language Translationcited by 2
50 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026Learning Sign Language Recognition under Label Noise: A Study of Noise-Robust Losses for Isolated and Continuous Settings11 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond BLEU: A Case for Redefining Sign Language Translation Benchmarks3 Sep 2026
- 2026ODE-Based Transformer Decoders for Iterative Sign Language Translation11 Aug 2026
- 2026VTaMo: Video-Text Alignment Model for Sign Language Translation10 Jul 2026
- 2026SIGNET: Motion-Level Knowledge Transfer for Cross-Language Sign Language Translation26 Jun 2026
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026SignDATA: Data Pipeline for Sign Language Translation22 Apr 2026
- 2026Towards Multi-View Sign Language Understanding: A Benchmark Dataset and Baseline20 Apr 2026
- 2026SignDPO: Multi-level Direct Preference Optimisation for Skeleton-based Gloss-free Sign Language Translation20 Apr 2026
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Production24 Mar 2026
- 2026HATL: Hierarchical Adaptive-Transfer Learning Framework for Sign Language Machine Translation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation: An Unbiased Evaluation of Progress in the Field18 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2025Fusion or Confusion? Multimodal Complexity Is Not All You Need28 Dec 2025
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Embeddings: Sign Language Translation and Alignment8 Dec 2025
- 2025RVLF: A Reinforcing Vision-Language Framework for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation8 Dec 2025
- 2025Saudi Sign Language Translation Using T513 Oct 2025
- 2025SSL-SSAW: Self-Supervised Learning with Sigmoid Self-Attention Weighting for Question-Based Sign Language Translation17 Sep 2025
- 2025Text2Sign Diffusion: A Generative Approach for Gloss-Free Sign Language Production13 Sep 2025
- 2025Beyond Gloss: A Hand-Centric Framework for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation31 Jul 2025
- 2025SAGE: Segment-Aware Gloss-Free Encoding for Token-Efficient Sign Language Translation12 Jul 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation9 Jul 2025
- 2025Exploring Pose-based Sign Language Translation: Ablation Studies and Attention Insights2 Jul 2025
- 2025Fine-Tuning Video Transformers for Word-Level Bangla Sign Language: A Comparative Analysis for Classification Tasks4 Jun 2025
- 2025Isharah: A Large-Scale Multi-Scene Dataset for Continuous Sign Language Recognition4 Jun 2025
- 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translation21 May 2025
- 2025Logos as a Well-Tempered Pre-train for Sign Language Recognition15 May 2025
- 2025SignX: Continuous Sign Recognition in Compact Pose-Rich Latent Space22 Apr 2025
- 2025Graph Network for Sign Language Tasks16 Apr 2025
- 2025ADAT: Time-Series-Aware Adaptive Transformer Architecture for Sign Language Translation16 Apr 2025
- 2025Sign Language Translation using Frame and Event Stream: Benchmark Dataset and Algorithms9 Mar 2025
- 2025Deep Understanding of Sign Language for Sign to Subtitle Alignment5 Mar 2025
- 2025Co-creation for Sign Language Processing and Machine Translation3 Mar 2025
- 2025GLoT: A Novel Gated-Logarithmic Transformer for Efficient Sign Language Translation17 Feb 2025
- 2025Large Multimodal Models for Low-Resource Languages: A Survey8 Feb 2025
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scale25 Jan 2025
- 2025Lost in Translation, Found in Context: Sign Language Translation with Contextual Cues16 Jan 2025
- 2025Using Pre-trained LLMs for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting10 Jan 2025
- 2024Training Strategies for Isolated Sign Language Recognition16 Dec 2024
- 2024Signs as Tokens: A Retrieval-Enhanced Multilingual Sign Language Generator26 Nov 2024
- 2024DiffSLT: Enhancing Diversity in Sign Language Translation via Diffusion Model26 Nov 2024
- 2024Leveraging the Power of MLLMs for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation25 Nov 2024
- 2024Signformer is all you need: Towards Edge AI for Sign Language19 Nov 2024
- 2024Diverse Sign Language Translation25 Oct 2024
- 2024Event Stream-based Sign Language Translation: A High-Definition Benchmark Dataset and A Novel Baseline20 Aug 2024
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrieval19 Aug 2024
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understanding16 Aug 2024
- 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Events17 Jul 2024
- 2024Scaling Sign Language Translation16 Jul 2024
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Production3 Jul 2024
- 2024Improving Gloss-free Sign Language Translation by Reducing Representation Density23 May 2024
50 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2022Two-Stream Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 122
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 104
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translatorscited by 76
- 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 56
- 2025Uni-Sign: Toward Unified Sign Language Understanding at Scalecited by 55
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 50
- 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
- 2023CVT-SLR: Contrastive Visual-Textual Transformation for Sign Language Recognition with Variational Alignmentcited by 44
- 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
- 2023SLTUNET: A Simple Unified Model for Sign Language Translationcited by 35
- 2023CiCo: Domain-Aware Sign Language Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learningcited by 32
12 most cited of 74 All 74 (JSON)
- 2026Learning Sign Language Recognition under Label Noise: A Study of Noise-Robust Losses for Isolated and Continuous Settings11 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond BLEU: A Case for Redefining Sign Language Translation Benchmarks3 Sep 2026
- 2026ODE-Based Transformer Decoders for Iterative Sign Language Translation11 Aug 2026
- 2026VTaMo: Video-Text Alignment Model for Sign Language Translation10 Jul 2026
- 2026SIGNET: Motion-Level Knowledge Transfer for Cross-Language Sign Language Translation26 Jun 2026
- 2026Context-Aware Autoregressive Diffusion for Gloss-Wise Sign Language Production19 Jun 2026
- 2026SignDATA: Data Pipeline for Sign Language Translation22 Apr 2026
- 2026Towards Multi-View Sign Language Understanding: A Benchmark Dataset and Baseline20 Apr 2026
- 2026M3T: Discrete Multi-Modal Motion Tokens for Sign Language Production24 Mar 2026
- 2026HATL: Hierarchical Adaptive-Transfer Learning Framework for Sign Language Machine Translation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation: An Unbiased Evaluation of Progress in the Field18 Feb 2026
- 2025Fusion or Confusion? Multimodal Complexity Is Not All You Need28 Dec 2025
12 newest of 74 All 74 (JSON)