mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

GTO Wizard Benchmark

arXiv 2603.23660 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2026cs.AIcited by 3

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce GTO Wizard Benchmark, a public API and standardized evaluation framework for benchmarking algorithms in Heads-Up No-Limit Texas Hold'em (HUNL). The benchmark evaluates agents against GTO Wizard AI, a state-of-the-art superhuman poker agent that approximates Nash Equilibria, and defeated Slumbot, the 2018 Annual Computer Poker Competition champion and previous strongest publicly accessible HUNL benchmark, by 19.4 ± 4.1 bb/100. Variance is a fundamental challenge in poker evaluation; we address this by integrating AIVAT, a provably unbiased variance reduction technique that achieves equivalent statistical significance with ten times fewer hands than naive Monte Carlo evaluation. We conduct a comprehensive benchmarking study of state-of-the-art large language models under zero-shot conditions, including GPT-5.4, Claude Opus 4.6, Gemini 3.1 Pro, Grok 4, and others. Initial results and analysis reveal dramatic progress in LLM reasoning over recent years, yet all models remain far below the baseline established by our benchmark. Qualitative analysis reveals clear opportunities for improvement, including representation and the ability to reason over hidden states. This benchmark provides researchers with a precise and quantifiable setting to evaluate advances in planning and reasoning in multi-agent systems with partial observability.

Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 12 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2026.

Builds on

6 of 12 references.

References · 6

  1. 2017DeepStack: Expert-Level Artificial Intelligence in No-Limit Pokercited by 228
  2. 2020Combining Deep Reinforcement Learning and Search for Imperfect-Information Gamescited by 110
  3. 2017Safe and Nested Subgame Solving for Imperfect-Information Gamescited by 39
  4. 2025PokerBench: Training Large Language Models to become Professional Poker Playerscited by 18
  5. 2016AIVAT: A New Variance Reduction Technique for Agent Evaluation in Imperfect Information Gamescited by 8
  6. 2020Unlocking the Potential of Deep Counterfactual Value Networkscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 3.

3 papers.

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  1. 2026Poker Arena: Multi-Axis Profiling of Strategic Reasoning and Memory in LLMs
  2. 2026How Far Are LLMs from Professional Poker Players? Revisiting Game-Theoretic Reasoning with Agentic Tool Use
  3. 2026PTCG-Bench: Can LLM Agents Master Pok'emon Trading Card Game?
  4. 2026Finding the Move Is Not Winning the Game: XiangqiBench for Closed-Loop Evaluation of LLM Agents
  5. 2025LLM CHESS: Benchmarking Reasoning and Instruction-Following in LLMs through Chess
  6. 2025Outbidding and Outbluffing Elite Humans: Mastering Liar's Poker via Self-Play and Reinforcement Learning
  7. 2026Implicit Strategic Optimization: Rethinking Long-Horizon Decision-Making in Adversarial Poker Environments
  8. 2025RIMO: An Easy-to-Evaluate, Hard-to-Solve Olympiad Benchmark for Advanced Mathematical Reasoning