Mini Amusement Parks (MAPs): A Testbed for Modelling Business Decisions
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Despite rapid progress in artificial intelligence, current systems struggle with the interconnected challenges that define real-world decision making. Practical domains such as business management require open-ended optimization, actively learning environment dynamics from sparse experience, planning over long horizons in stochastic settings, and reasoning over spatial information. Yet no existing human--AI benchmarks assess how well agents integrate these challenges in a grounded decision-making context. To this end, we introduce Mini Amusement Parks (MAPs), an amusement-park simulator designed to evaluate an agent's ability to model its environment, anticipate long-term consequences under uncertainty, and strategically operate a complex business. We provide expert human performance and a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art agents, finding experts outperform these systems by 11.4x on easy mode and 15.3x on medium mode. Our analysis reveals persistent weaknesses in long-horizon planning, sample-efficient learning, spatial reasoning, and modelling uncertainty. By unifying these challenges within a single environment, MAPs offers a new foundation for benchmarking agents capable of adaptable decision making. Code: https://github.com/Skyfall-Research/MAPs
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Nov 2025.
Builds on
40 of 71 references.
References · 40
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,695
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,796
- 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,211
- 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,501
- 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 2,006
- 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,462
- 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,251
- 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,205
- 2024OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environmentscited by 1,195
- 2023Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Modelcited by 861
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 478
28 more
- 2022ScienceWorld: Is your Agent Smarter than a 5th Grader?cited by 327
- 2023On the Planning Abilities of Large Language Models : A Critical Investigationcited by 312
- 2023Large Language Models as Commonsense Knowledge for Large-Scale Task Planningcited by 231
- 2021Benchmarking the Spectrum of Agent Capabilitiescited by 200
- 2020The NetHack Learning Environmentcited by 198
- 2025ARC-AGI-2: A New Challenge for Frontier AI Reasoning Systemscited by 190
- 2025Can MLLMs Reason in Multimodality? EMMA: An Enhanced MultiModal ReAsoning Benchmarkcited by 134
- 2024WorldCoder, a Model-Based LLM Agent: Building World Models by Writing Code and Interacting with the Environmentcited by 107
- 2024DISCOVERYWORLD: A Virtual Environment for Developing and Evaluating Automated Scientific Discovery Agentscited by 100
- 2025Vending-Bench: A Benchmark for Long-Term Coherence of Autonomous Agentscited by 80
- 2024Are LLMs Capable of Data-based Statistical and Causal Reasoning? Benchmarking Advanced Quantitative Reasoning with Datacited by 63
- 2019Rapid trial-and-error learning with simulation supports flexible tool use and physical reasoningcited by 61
- 2024When is Tree Search Useful for LLM Planning? It Depends on the Discriminatorcited by 47
- 2024Generating Code World Models with Large Language Models Guided by Monte Carlo Tree Searchcited by 40
- 2021Alchemy: A benchmark and analysis toolkit for meta-reinforcement learning agentscited by 36
- 2024WALL-E: World Alignment by Rule Learning Improves World Model-based LLM Agentscited by 26
- 2024Non-myopic Generation of Language Models for Reasoning and Planningcited by 26
- 2025Synthesis of Model Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning: Survey and Classificationcited by 26
- 2025PoE-World: Compositional World Modeling with Products of Programmatic Expertscited by 26
- 2024Revealing the Barriers of Language Agents in Planningcited by 20
- 2025Assessing Adaptive World Models in Machines with Novel Gamescited by 20
- 2025LLM-Guided Probabilistic Program Induction for POMDP Model Estimationcited by 12
- 2025TextQuests: How Good are LLMs at Text-Based Video Games?cited by 12
- 2025One Life to Learn: Inferring Symbolic World Models for Stochastic Environments from Unguided Explorationcited by 10
- 2022Interactive Visual Reasoning under Uncertaintycited by 8
- 2025Reasoning Under Uncertainty: Exploring Probabilistic Reasoning Capabilities of LLMscited by 8
- 2025HeroBench: A Benchmark for Long-Horizon Planning and Structured Reasoning in Virtual Worldscited by 6
- 2025Stuck in the Matrix: Probing Spatial Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
1 paper.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025PLANET: A Collection of Benchmarks for Evaluating LLMs' Planning Capabilities
- 2026EcoGym: Evaluating LLMs for Long-Horizon Plan-and-Execute in Interactive Economies
- 2026MAP: A Map-then-Act Paradigm for Long-Horizon Interactive Agent Reasoning
- 2021Planning from Pixels in Environments with Combinatorially Hard Search Spaces
- 2026CASSANDRA: Programmatic and Probabilistic Learning and Inference for Stochastic World Modeling
- 2026MiniCorp: The Last Mile to an AI Agent Corporation
- 2025Seemingly Simple Planning Problems are Computationally Challenging: The Countdown Game
- 2026AI Gamestore: Scalable, Open-Ended Evaluation of Machine General Intelligence with Human Games