mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Follow-Your-Preference: Towards Preference-Aligned Image Inpainting

arXiv 2509.23082 ↗First posted 27 Sep 2025cs.CVcited by 18

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Diffusion and multimodal model alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

This paper investigates image inpainting with preference alignment. Instead of introducing a novel method, we go back to basics and revisit fundamental problems in achieving such alignment. We leverage the prominent direct preference optimization approach for alignment training and employ public reward models to construct preference training datasets. Experiments are conducted across nine reward models, two benchmarks, and two baseline models with varying structures and generative algorithms. Our key findings are as follows: (1) Most reward models deliver valid reward scores for constructing preference data, even if some of them are not reliable evaluators. (2) Preference data demonstrates robust trends in both candidate scaling and sample scaling across models and benchmarks. (3) Observable biases in reward models, particularly in brightness, composition, and color scheme, render them susceptible to cause reward hacking. (4) A simple ensemble of these models yields robust and generalizable results by mitigating such biases. Built upon these observations, our alignment models significantly outperform prior models across standard metrics, GPT-4 assessments, and human evaluations, without any changes to model structures or the use of new datasets. We hope our work can set a simple yet solid baseline, pushing this promising frontier. Our code is open-sourced at: https://github.com/shenytzzz/Follow-Your-Preference.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion and multimodal model alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 58 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2025.

Builds on

58 of 62 references.

Closest ancestors · 8

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025HPSv3: Towards Wide-Spectrum Human Preference Score5 Aug
  2. 2025DanceGRPO: Unleashing GRPO on Visual Generation12 May
  3. 2025Unified Reward Model for Multimodal Understanding and Generation7 Mar
  4. 2025Preference Alignment on Diffusion Model: A Comprehensive Survey for Image Generation and Editing10 Feb
  5. 2025Calibrated Multi-Preference Optimization for Aligning Diffusion Models4 Feb
  6. 2025Improving Video Generation with Human Feedback23 Jan
  7. 2024PrefPaint: Aligning Image Inpainting Diffusion Model with Human Preference29 Oct
  8. 2023Diffusion Model Alignment Using Direct Preference Optimization21 Nov

Other references · 50

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
  3. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
  4. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
  5. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,863
  6. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  7. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  8. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
  9. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  10. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,058
  11. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  12. 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,702
38 more
  1. 2023Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 5,503
  2. 2022BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generationcited by 4,322
  3. 2024Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolutioncited by 4,234
  4. 2024Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,181
  5. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,152
  6. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,720
  7. 2025Wan: Open and Advanced Large-Scale Video Generative Modelscited by 2,708
  8. 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,424
  9. 2021SwinIR: Image Restoration Using Swin Transformercited by 1,887
  10. 2024HunyuanVideo: A Systematic Framework For Large Video Generative Modelscited by 1,660
  11. 2023ImageReward: Learning and Evaluating Human Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1,045
  12. 2023Training Diffusion Models with Reinforcement Learningcited by 982
  13. 2023Pick-a-Pic: An Open Dataset of User Preferences for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 977
  14. 2023Human Preference Score v2: A Solid Benchmark for Evaluating Human Preferences of Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 890
  15. 2024SiT: Exploring Flow and Diffusion-based Generative Models with Scalable Interpolant Transformerscited by 737
  16. 2023MagicBrush: A Manually Annotated Dataset for Instruction-Guided Image Editingcited by 624
  17. 2024Evaluating Text-to-Visual Generation with Image-to-Text Generationcited by 474
  18. 2023DPOK: Reinforcement Learning for Fine-tuning Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 450
  19. 2022Blended Latent Diffusioncited by 432
  20. 2022The Effects of Reward Misspecification: Mapping and Mitigating Misaligned Modelscited by 328
  21. 2025Perception Encoder: The best visual embeddings are not at the output of the networkcited by 326
  22. 2025Seedance 1.0: Exploring the Boundaries of Video Generation Modelscited by 259
  23. 2022Imagen Editor and EditBench: Advancing and Evaluating Text-Guided Image Inpaintingcited by 233
  24. 2024BrushNet: A Plug-and-Play Image Inpainting Model with Decomposed Dual-Branch Diffusioncited by 202
  25. 2024Follow-Your-Emoji: Fine-Controllable and Expressive Freestyle Portrait Animationcited by 174
  26. 2023A Task is Worth One Word: Learning with Task Prompts for High-Quality Versatile Image Inpaintingcited by 169
  27. 2025Seedream 3.0 Technical Reportcited by 154
  28. 2025SimpleAR: Pushing the Frontier of Autoregressive Visual Generation through Pretraining, SFT, and RLcited by 86
  29. 2023HD-Painter: High-Resolution and Prompt-Faithful Text-Guided Image Inpainting with Diffusion Modelscited by 67
  30. 2025Follow-Your-Emoji-Faster: Towards Efficient, Fine-Controllable, and Expressive Freestyle Portrait Animationcited by 43
  31. 2024Follow-Your-Canvas: Higher-Resolution Video Outpainting with Extensive Content Generationcited by 42
  32. 2024Structure Matters: Tackling the Semantic Discrepancy in Diffusion Models for Image Inpaintingcited by 40
  33. 2023HAP: Structure-Aware Masked Image Modeling for Human-Centric Perceptioncited by 33
  34. 2023Towards Enhanced Image Inpainting: Mitigating Unwanted Object Insertion and Preserving Color Consistencycited by 19
  35. 2021Domain-Specific Bias Filtering for Single Labeled Domain Generalizationcited by 18
  36. 2021Collaborative Semantic Aggregation and Calibration for Federated Domain Generalizationcited by 16
  37. 2022Label-Efficient Domain Generalization via Collaborative Exploration and Generalizationcited by 15
  38. 2024I Dream My Painting: Connecting MLLMs and Diffusion Models via Prompt Generation for Text-Guided Multi-Mask Inpaintingcited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 14.

18 papers.

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  1. 2026Reward Hacking in the Era of Large Models: Mechanisms, Emergent Misalignment, Challengescited by 33
  2. 2026FastVMT: Eliminating Redundancy in Video Motion Transfercited by 23
  3. 2025Top-Down Semantic Refinement for Image Captioningcited by 16
  4. 2026Group Editing: Edit Multiple Images in One Gocited by 11
  5. 2025VideoCoF: Unified Video Editing with Temporal Reasonercited by 8
  6. 2026LiveLight: Real-time Streaming Video Relighting with Interactive Controlcited by 7
  7. 2026RebuttalAgent: Strategic Persuasion in Academic Rebuttal via Theory of Mindcited by 6
  8. 2026Embedding-perturbed Exploration Preference Optimization for Flow Modelscited by 5
  9. 2026GlyphBanana: Advancing Precise Text Rendering Through Agentic Workflowscited by 4
  10. 2025MultiMotion: Multi Subject Video Motion Transfer via Video Diffusion Transformercited by 3
  11. 2026AgriWorld:A World Tools Protocol Framework for Verifiable Agricultural Reasoning with Code-Executing LLM Agentscited by 2
  12. 2026EasyVFX: Frequency-Driven Decoupling for Resource-Efficient VFX Generationcited by 2
6 more
  1. 2025Unified Long Video Inpainting and Outpainting via Overlapping High-Order Co-Denoisingcited by 1
  2. 2026DeDPO: Debiased Direct Preference Optimization for Diffusion Modelscited by 1
  3. 2026InstanceAnimator: Multi-Instance Sketch Video Colorizationcited by 1
  4. 2026FineEdit: Fine-Grained Image Edit with Bounding Box Guidancecited by 1
  5. 2026GeoEdit: Geometry-Aware Object Editing via Dual-Branch Denoisingcited by 1
  6. 2026Follow-Your-Preference++: Rethinking Preference Alignment for Image Inpaintingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Refining Alignment Framework for Diffusion Models with Intermediate-Step Preference Ranking
  2. 2025Enhancing Reward Models for High-quality Image Generation: Beyond Text-Image Alignment
  3. 2026Threshold-Guided Optimization for Visual Generative Models
  4. 2025Diffusion Model as a Noise-Aware Latent Reward Model for Step-Level Preference Optimization
  5. 2026Beyond Binary Preference: Aligning Diffusion Models to Fine-grained Criteria by Decoupling Attributes
  6. 2024VisionReward: Fine-Grained Multi-Dimensional Human Preference Learning for Image and Video Generation
  7. 2024Margin-aware Preference Optimization for Aligning Diffusion Models without Reference
  8. 2026When Preference Labels Fall Short: Aligning Diffusion Models from Real Data