GEMINUS: Dual-aware Global and Scene-Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture
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Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving requires adaptive and robust handling of complex and diverse traffic environments. However, prevalent single-mode planning methods attempt to learn an overall policy while struggling to acquire diversified driving skills to handle diverse scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes GEMINUS, a Mixture-of-Experts end-to-end autonomous driving framework featuring a Global Expert and a Scene-Adaptive Experts Group, equipped with a Dual-aware Router. Specifically, the Global Expert is trained on the overall dataset, possessing robust performance. The Scene-Adaptive Experts are trained on corresponding scene subsets, achieving adaptive performance. The Dual-aware Router simultaneously considers scenario-level features and routing uncertainty to dynamically activate expert modules. Through the effective coupling of the Global Expert and the Scene-Adaptive Experts Group via the Dual-aware Router, GEMINUS achieves both adaptability and robustness across diverse scenarios. GEMINUS outperforms existing methods in the Bench2Drive closed-loop benchmark and achieves state-of-the-art performance in Driving Score and Success Rate, even with only monocular vision input. The code is available at https://github.com/newbrains1/GEMINUS.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 33 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2025.
Builds on
33 of 42 references.
Closest ancestors · 11
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Don't Shake the Wheel: Momentum-Aware Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Mar
- 2024Generalizing Motion Planners with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Driving21 Oct
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Driving6 Jun
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representation30 May
- 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving1 Aug
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun
- 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Models13 Jun
- 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Driving10 May
- 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Experts3 Nov
- 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baseline16 Jun
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
Other references · 22
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2024DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelscited by 834
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 528
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
- 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
- 2019Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 343
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
- 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 266
- 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 244
10 more
- 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
- 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 191
- 2021Beyond Distillation: Task-level Mixture-of-Experts for Efficient Inferencecited by 96
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Mixture-of-Experts: Algorithms, Theory, and Applicationscited by 91
- 2023DAMEX: Dataset-aware Mixture-of-Experts for visual understanding of mixture-of-datasetscited by 23
- 2023EDA: Evolving and Distinct Anchors for Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 17
- 2025Co-MTP: A Cooperative Trajectory Prediction Framework with Multi-Temporal Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
- 2024AMEND: A Mixture of Experts Framework for Long-tailed Trajectory Predictioncited by 4
- 2025Continual Adaptation for Autonomous Driving with the Mixture of Progressive Experts Networkcited by 4
- 2025Online Aggregation of Trajectory Predictorscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
5 papers.
- 2025SpaceDrive: Infusing Spatial Awareness into VLM-based Autonomous Drivingcited by 28
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routingcited by 5
- 2026D3-MoE:Dual Disentangled Diffusion Mixture-of-Experts for Style-Controllable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026OmniSpace: Efficient Geometry Awareness for Autonomous Vehicles MLLMscited by 0
- 2026Risk-Aware Decision-Making for Autonomous Overtaking: A World Model-Based Mixture-of-Experts Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026Risk-Aware Decision-Making for Autonomous Overtaking: A World Model-Based Mixture-of-Experts Framework14 Jul 2026
- 2026OmniSpace: Efficient Geometry Awareness for Autonomous Vehicles MLLMs21 Jun 2026
- 2026D3-MoE:Dual Disentangled Diffusion Mixture-of-Experts for Style-Controllable End-to-End Autonomous Driving3 Jun 2026
- 2025SpaceDrive: Infusing Spatial Awareness into VLM-based Autonomous Driving11 Dec 2025
- 2025A Knowledge-Driven Diffusion Policy for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Based on Expert Routing5 Sep 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts
- 2026PrismAD: Decoupled Planning via Semantic Mixture-of-Planners for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2025Decoupling Scene Perception and Ego Status: A Multi-Context Fusion Approach for Enhanced Generalization in End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026FactorDrive: Adaptive Multi-Step Reasoning Driven by Planning-Critical Factors for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2025ARTEMIS: Autoregressive End-to-End Trajectory Planning with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Driving
- 2021Multi-task UNet architecture for end-to-end autonomous driving
- 2026Defer to Plan: Adaptive Multi-Agent Fusion for End-to-End V2X Driving
- 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform