mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

GEMINUS: Dual-aware Global and Scene-Adaptive Mixture-of-Experts for End-to-End Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2507.14456 ↗First posted 19 Jul 2025cs.CV cs.ROcited by 5

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture

also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end autonomous driving requires adaptive and robust handling of complex and diverse traffic environments. However, prevalent single-mode planning methods attempt to learn an overall policy while struggling to acquire diversified driving skills to handle diverse scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes GEMINUS, a Mixture-of-Experts end-to-end autonomous driving framework featuring a Global Expert and a Scene-Adaptive Experts Group, equipped with a Dual-aware Router. Specifically, the Global Expert is trained on the overall dataset, possessing robust performance. The Scene-Adaptive Experts are trained on corresponding scene subsets, achieving adaptive performance. The Dual-aware Router simultaneously considers scenario-level features and routing uncertainty to dynamically activate expert modules. Through the effective coupling of the Global Expert and the Scene-Adaptive Experts Group via the Dual-aware Router, GEMINUS achieves both adaptability and robustness across diverse scenarios. GEMINUS outperforms existing methods in the Bench2Drive closed-loop benchmark and achieves state-of-the-art performance in Driving Score and Success Rate, even with only monocular vision input. The code is available at https://github.com/newbrains1/GEMINUS.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 33 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2025.

Builds on

33 of 42 references.

Closest ancestors · 11

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Don't Shake the Wheel: Momentum-Aware Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Mar
  2. 2024Generalizing Motion Planners with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Driving21 Oct
  3. 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Driving6 Jun
  4. 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representation30 May
  5. 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving1 Aug
  6. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun
  7. 2023Hidden Biases of End-to-End Driving Models13 Jun
  8. 2023Think Twice before Driving: Towards Scalable Decoders for End-to-End Autonomous Driving10 May
  9. 2022Safe Real-World Autonomous Driving by Learning to Predict and Plan with a Mixture of Experts3 Nov
  10. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baseline16 Jun
  11. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May

Other references · 22

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
  3. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
  4. 2024DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelscited by 834
  5. 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
  6. 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 528
  7. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
  8. 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
  9. 2019Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 343
  10. 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 324
  11. 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 266
  12. 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 244
10 more
  1. 2024GenAD: Generative End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 225
  2. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 191
  3. 2021Beyond Distillation: Task-level Mixture-of-Experts for Efficient Inferencecited by 96
  4. 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Mixture-of-Experts: Algorithms, Theory, and Applicationscited by 91
  5. 2023DAMEX: Dataset-aware Mixture-of-Experts for visual understanding of mixture-of-datasetscited by 23
  6. 2023EDA: Evolving and Distinct Anchors for Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 17
  7. 2025Co-MTP: A Cooperative Trajectory Prediction Framework with Multi-Temporal Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
  8. 2024AMEND: A Mixture of Experts Framework for Long-tailed Trajectory Predictioncited by 4
  9. 2025Continual Adaptation for Autonomous Driving with the Mixture of Progressive Experts Networkcited by 4
  10. 2025Online Aggregation of Trajectory Predictorscited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 3.

5 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts
  2. 2026PrismAD: Decoupled Planning via Semantic Mixture-of-Planners for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  3. 2025Decoupling Scene Perception and Ego Status: A Multi-Context Fusion Approach for Enhanced Generalization in End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  4. 2026FactorDrive: Adaptive Multi-Step Reasoning Driven by Planning-Critical Factors for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  5. 2025ARTEMIS: Autoregressive End-to-End Trajectory Planning with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Driving
  6. 2021Multi-task UNet architecture for end-to-end autonomous driving
  7. 2026Defer to Plan: Adaptive Multi-Agent Fusion for End-to-End V2X Driving
  8. 2026A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform