Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurately estimating depth in 360-degree imagery is crucial for virtual reality, autonomous navigation, and immersive media applications. Existing depth estimation methods designed for perspective-view imagery fail when applied to 360-degree images due to different camera projections and distortions, whereas 360-degree methods perform inferior due to the lack of labeled data pairs. We propose a new depth estimation framework that utilizes unlabeled 360-degree data effectively. Our approach uses state-of-the-art perspective depth estimation models as teacher models to generate pseudo labels through a six-face cube projection technique, enabling efficient labeling of depth in 360-degree images. This method leverages the increasing availability of large datasets. Our approach includes two main stages: offline mask generation for invalid regions and an online semi-supervised joint training regime. We tested our approach on benchmark datasets such as Matterport3D and Stanford2D3D, showing significant improvements in depth estimation accuracy, particularly in zero-shot scenarios. Our proposed training pipeline can enhance any 360 monocular depth estimator and demonstrates effective knowledge transfer across different camera projections and data types. See our project page for results: https://albert100121.github.io/Depth-Anywhere/
Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 51 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2024.
Builds on
51 of 69 references.
References · 51
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- 2023Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 3,274
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- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2015LSUN: Construction of a Large-scale Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loopcited by 1,350
- 2024Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Datacited by 1,346
- 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
- 2018BDD100K: A Diverse Driving Dataset for Heterogeneous Multitask Learningcited by 1,282
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 778
38 more
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2023ZoeDepth: Zero-shot Transfer by Combining Relative and Metric Depthcited by 646
- 2020TartanAir: A Dataset to Push the Limits of Visual SLAMcited by 494
- 2019BlendedMVS: A Large-scale Dataset for Generalized Multi-view Stereo Networkscited by 487
- 2017Joint 2D-3D-Semantic Data for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 404
- 2023Metric3D: Towards Zero-shot Metric 3D Prediction from A Single Imagecited by 357
- 2020Rethinking Pre-training and Self-trainingcited by 352
- 2023Repurposing Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 323
- 2020Google Landmarks Dataset v2 -- A Large-Scale Benchmark for Instance-Level Recognition and Retrievalcited by 305
- 2019Structured3D: A Large Photo-realistic Dataset for Structured 3D Modelingcited by 285
- 2016Single-Image Depth Perception in the Wildcited by 179
- 2023MiDaS v3.1 -- A Model Zoo for Robust Monocular Relative Depth Estimationcited by 173
- 2020HoHoNet: 360 Indoor Holistic Understanding with Latent Horizontal Featurescited by 104
- 2023Towards Zero-Shot Scale-Aware Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 100
- 2018OmniDepth: Dense Depth Estimation for Indoors Spherical Panoramascited by 98
- 2022PanoFormer: Panorama Transformer for Indoor 360 Depth Estimationcited by 94
- 2018Self-Supervised Generation of Spatial Audio for 360 Videocited by 93
- 2021UniFuse: Unidirectional Fusion for 360circ Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 91
- 2018Cube Padding for Weakly-Supervised Saliency Prediction in 360deg Videoscited by 66
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 60
- 2022OmniFusion: 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Geometry-Aware Fusioncited by 60
- 2018Kernel Transformer Networks for Compact Spherical Convolutioncited by 56
- 2019Spherical View Synthesis for Self-Supervised 360 Depth Estimationcited by 51
- 2021DIML/CVL RGB-D Dataset: 2M RGB-D Images of Natural Indoor and Outdoor Scenescited by 45
- 2023EGformer: Equirectangular Geometry-biased Transformer for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 42
- 2018Self-Supervised Learning of Depth and Camera Motion from 360deg Videoscited by 40
- 2019360SD-Net: 360deg Stereo Depth Estimation with Learnable Cost Volumecited by 40
- 2021ACDNet: Adaptively Combined Dilated Convolution for Monocular Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 39
- 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360degDepth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-with-Regional Depth Distributionscited by 37
- 2022BiFuse++: Self-supervised and Efficient Bi-projection Fusion for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 35
- 2019Indoor Depth Completion with Boundary Consistency and Self-Attentioncited by 29
- 2021Bridging Unsupervised and Supervised Depth from Focus via All-in-Focus Supervisioncited by 23
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2022GLPanoDepth: Global-to-Local Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2022360 Depth Estimation in the Wild -- The Depth360 Dataset and the SegFuse Networkcited by 15
- 2021Indoor Panorama Planar 3D Reconstruction via Divide and Conquercited by 9
- 2024FoVA-Depth: Field-of-View Agnostic Depth Estimation for Cross-Dataset Generalizationcited by 8
- 2022HiMODE: A Hybrid Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimation Modelcited by 6
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 15; 2026: 21.
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- 2025Depth Any Panoramas: A Foundation Model for Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2025DA2: Depth Anything in Any Directioncited by 22
- 2024PanDA: Towards Panoramic Depth Anything with Unlabeled Panoramas and Mobius Spatial Augmentationcited by 21
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronizationcited by 12
- 2026One2Scene: Geometric Consistent Explorable 3D Scene Generation from a Single Imagecited by 10
- 2026PanoVGGT: Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction from Panoramic Imagerycited by 10
- 2025Loc2: Interpretable Cross-View Localization via Depth-Lifted Local Feature Matchingcited by 8
- 2026AdaGaR: Adaptive Gabor Representation for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2026Holo360D: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset with Continuous Trajectories for Advancing Panoramic 3D Reconstruction and Beyondcited by 7
- 2025Hybrid-grained Feature Aggregation with Coarse-to-fine Language Guidance for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2026VGGT-360: Geometry-Consistent Zero-Shot Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2026PanoWorld: Towards Spatial Supersensing in 360^circ Panorama Worldcited by 5
26 more
- 2024Mixed-View Panorama Synthesis using Geospatially Guided Diffusioncited by 4
- 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimizationcited by 4
- 2025OmniX: From Unified Panoramic Generation and Perception to Graphics-Ready 3D Scenescited by 4
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2026Pantheon360: Taming Digital Twin Generation via 3D-Aware 360deg Video Diffusioncited by 4
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Imagecited by 3
- 2026Wid3R: Wide Field-of-View 3D Reconstruction via Camera Model Conditioningcited by 3
- 2025Propagating Sparse Depth via Depth Foundation Model for Out-of-Distribution Depth Completioncited by 2
- 2026Fly360: Omnidirectional Obstacle Avoidance within Drone Viewcited by 2
- 2025SparsyFed: Sparse Adaptive Federated Trainingcited by 1
- 2025Depth Anything in 360^circ: Towards Scale Invariance in the Wildcited by 1
- 2026CylinderSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Cylindrical Triplanes for Panoramic Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2026Pano3DComposer: Feed-Forward Compositional 3D Scene Generation from Single Panoramic Imagecited by 1
- 2026Unified Panoramic Geometry Estimation via Multi-View Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2026RayTun3R: Online Camera Adaptation in 3D Foundation Modelscited by 1
- 2025DAOVI: Distortion-Aware Omnidirectional Video Inpaintingcited by 0
- 2025JoPano: Unified Panorama Generation via Joint Modelingcited by 0
- 2025Beyond Memorization: A Multi-Modal Ordinal Regression Benchmark to Expose Popularity Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Cross360: 360deg Monocular Depth Estimation via Cross Projections Across Scalescited by 0
- 2026RePer-360: Releasing Perspective Priors for 360^circ Depth Estimation via Self-Modulationcited by 0
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priorscited by 0
- 2026Sphere-Depth: A Benchmark for Depth Estimation Methods with Varying Spherical Camera Orientationscited by 0
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priorscited by 0
- 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Imagescited by 0
- 2026Panoramic Scene Understanding: A Survey from Distortion-Aware Engineering to Sphere-Native Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimization18 Sep 2026
- 2026RayTun3R: Online Camera Adaptation in 3D Foundation Models2 Jul 2026
- 2026Panoramic Scene Understanding: A Survey from Distortion-Aware Engineering to Sphere-Native Modeling26 Jun 2026
- 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Images10 Jun 2026
- 2026Unified Panoramic Geometry Estimation via Multi-View Foundation Models25 May 2026
- 2026Pantheon360: Taming Digital Twin Generation via 3D-Aware 360deg Video Diffusion25 May 2026
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priors14 May 2026
- 2026PanoWorld: Towards Spatial Supersensing in 360^circ Panorama World13 May 2026
- 2026Sphere-Depth: A Benchmark for Depth Estimation Methods with Varying Spherical Camera Orientations25 Apr 2026
- 2026Holo360D: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset with Continuous Trajectories for Advancing Panoramic 3D Reconstruction and Beyond24 Apr 2026
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priors24 Mar 2026
- 2026VGGT-360: Geometry-Consistent Zero-Shot Panoramic Depth Estimation19 Mar 2026
26 more
- 2026PanoVGGT: Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction from Panoramic Imagery18 Mar 2026
- 2026Fly360: Omnidirectional Obstacle Avoidance within Drone View6 Mar 2026
- 2026RePer-360: Releasing Perspective Priors for 360^circ Depth Estimation via Self-Modulation6 Mar 2026
- 2026Pano3DComposer: Feed-Forward Compositional 3D Scene Generation from Single Panoramic Image6 Mar 2026
- 2026CylinderSplat: 3D Gaussian Splatting with Cylindrical Triplanes for Panoramic Novel View Synthesis6 Mar 2026
- 2026One2Scene: Geometric Consistent Explorable 3D Scene Generation from a Single Image23 Feb 2026
- 2026Wid3R: Wide Field-of-View 3D Reconstruction via Camera Model Conditioning5 Feb 2026
- 2026Cross360: 360deg Monocular Depth Estimation via Cross Projections Across Scales24 Jan 2026
- 2026AdaGaR: Adaptive Gabor Representation for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction2 Jan 2026
- 2025GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction31 Dec 2025
- 2025Depth Anything in 360^circ: Towards Scale Invariance in the Wild28 Dec 2025
- 2025Beyond Memorization: A Multi-Modal Ordinal Regression Benchmark to Expose Popularity Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Dec 2025
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Image18 Dec 2025
- 2025Depth Any Panoramas: A Foundation Model for Panoramic Depth Estimation18 Dec 2025
- 2025JoPano: Unified Panorama Generation via Joint Modeling7 Dec 2025
- 2025OmniX: From Unified Panoramic Generation and Perception to Graphics-Ready 3D Scenes30 Oct 2025
- 2025Hybrid-grained Feature Aggregation with Coarse-to-fine Language Guidance for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation10 Oct 2025
- 2025DA2: Depth Anything in Any Direction30 Sep 2025
- 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimization28 Sep 2025
- 2025Loc2: Interpretable Cross-View Localization via Depth-Lifted Local Feature Matching11 Sep 2025
- 2025DAOVI: Distortion-Aware Omnidirectional Video Inpainting30 Aug 2025
- 2025Propagating Sparse Depth via Depth Foundation Model for Out-of-Distribution Depth Completion7 Aug 2025
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronization20 Jun 2025
- 2025SparsyFed: Sparse Adaptive Federated Training7 Apr 2025
- 2024Mixed-View Panorama Synthesis using Geospatially Guided Diffusion12 Jul 2024
- 2024PanDA: Towards Panoramic Depth Anything with Unlabeled Panoramas and Mobius Spatial Augmentation19 Jun 2024
- 2025Depth Any Panoramas: A Foundation Model for Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 24
- 2025DA2: Depth Anything in Any Directioncited by 22
- 2024PanDA: Towards Panoramic Depth Anything with Unlabeled Panoramas and Mobius Spatial Augmentationcited by 21
- 2025DreamCube: 3D Panorama Generation via Multi-plane Synchronizationcited by 12
- 2026One2Scene: Geometric Consistent Explorable 3D Scene Generation from a Single Imagecited by 10
- 2026PanoVGGT: Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction from Panoramic Imagerycited by 10
- 2025Loc2: Interpretable Cross-View Localization via Depth-Lifted Local Feature Matchingcited by 8
- 2026AdaGaR: Adaptive Gabor Representation for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 8
- 2026Holo360D: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset with Continuous Trajectories for Advancing Panoramic 3D Reconstruction and Beyondcited by 7
- 2025Hybrid-grained Feature Aggregation with Coarse-to-fine Language Guidance for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2026VGGT-360: Geometry-Consistent Zero-Shot Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2026PanoWorld: Towards Spatial Supersensing in 360^circ Panorama Worldcited by 5
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimization18 Sep 2026
- 2026RayTun3R: Online Camera Adaptation in 3D Foundation Models2 Jul 2026
- 2026Panoramic Scene Understanding: A Survey from Distortion-Aware Engineering to Sphere-Native Modeling26 Jun 2026
- 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Images10 Jun 2026
- 2026Unified Panoramic Geometry Estimation via Multi-View Foundation Models25 May 2026
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priors14 May 2026
- 2026PanoWorld: Towards Spatial Supersensing in 360^circ Panorama World13 May 2026
- 2026Sphere-Depth: A Benchmark for Depth Estimation Methods with Varying Spherical Camera Orientations25 Apr 2026
- 2026Holo360D: A Large-Scale Real-World Dataset with Continuous Trajectories for Advancing Panoramic 3D Reconstruction and Beyond24 Apr 2026
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priors24 Mar 2026
- 2026VGGT-360: Geometry-Consistent Zero-Shot Panoramic Depth Estimation19 Mar 2026
- 2026PanoVGGT: Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction from Panoramic Imagery18 Mar 2026
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)