Spherical View Synthesis for Self-Supervised 360 Depth Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning based approaches for depth perception are limited by the availability of clean training data. This has led to the utilization of view synthesis as an indirect objective for learning depth estimation using efficient data acquisition procedures. Nonetheless, most research focuses on pinhole based monocular vision, with scarce works presenting results for omnidirectional input. In this work, we explore spherical view synthesis for learning monocular 360 depth in a self-supervised manner and demonstrate its feasibility. Under a purely geometrically derived formulation we present results for horizontal and vertical baselines, as well as for the trinocular case. Further, we show how to better exploit the expressiveness of traditional CNNs when applied to the equirectangular domain in an efficient manner. Finally, given the availability of ground truth depth data, our work is uniquely positioned to compare view synthesis against direct supervision in a consistent and fair manner. The results indicate that alternative research directions might be better suited to enable higher quality depth perception. Our data, models and code are publicly available at https://vcl3d.github.io/SphericalViewSynthesis/.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 14; 2023: 8; 2024: 11; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
51 papers.
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- 2021UniFuse: Unidirectional Fusion for 360circ Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 91
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 60
- 2022OmniFusion: 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Geometry-Aware Fusioncited by 60
- 2022Review on Panoramic Imaging and Its Applications in Scene Understandingcited by 42
- 2023EGformer: Equirectangular Geometry-biased Transformer for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 42
- 2021ACDNet: Adaptively Combined Dilated Convolution for Monocular Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 39
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
- 2021Pano3D: A Holistic Benchmark and a Solid Baseline for 360o Depth Estimationcited by 37
- 2022BiFuse++: Self-supervised and Efficient Bi-projection Fusion for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 35
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2025A Survey of Representation Learning, Optimization Strategies, and Applications for Omnidirectional Visioncited by 23
38 more
- 2022360Roam: Real-Time Indoor Roaming Using Geometry-Aware 360^circ Radiance Fieldscited by 20
- 2021Improving 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Non-local Dense Prediction Transformer and Joint Supervised and Self-supervised Learningcited by 19
- 2023360BEV: Panoramic Semantic Mapping for Indoor Bird's-Eye Viewcited by 18
- 2021Layout-Guided Novel View Synthesis from a Single Indoor Panoramacited by 16
- 2022GLPanoDepth: Global-to-Local Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 16
- 2022360 Depth Estimation in the Wild -- The Depth360 Dataset and the SegFuse Networkcited by 15
- 2021PanoDR: Spherical Panorama Diminished Reality for Indoor Scenescited by 13
- 2023RigNet++: Semantic Assisted Repetitive Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 11
- 20243D Scene Geometry Estimation from 360^circ Imagery: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022High-Resolution Depth Estimation for 360-degree Panoramas through Perspective and Panoramic Depth Images Registrationcited by 10
- 2022PanoDepth: A Two-Stage Approach for Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimationcited by 9
- 2023Unsupervised OmniMVS: Efficient Omnidirectional Depth Inference via Establishing Pseudo-Stereo Supervisioncited by 8
- 2021Single-Shot Cuboids: Geodesics-based End-to-end Manhattan Aligned Layout Estimation from Spherical Panoramascited by 7
- 2021360deg Optical Flow using Tangent Imagescited by 7
- 2022Casual 6-DoF: free-viewpoint panorama using a handheld 360 cameracited by 7
- 2022HiMODE: A Hybrid Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimation Modelcited by 6
- 2022OmniSyn: Synthesizing 360 Videos with Wide-baseline Panoramascited by 5
- 2024OmniLocalRF: Omnidirectional Local Radiance Fields from Dynamic Videoscited by 5
- 2024Estimating Depth of Monocular Panoramic Image with Teacher-Student Model Fusing Equirectangular and Spherical Representationscited by 5
- 2021Towards Full-to-Empty Room Generation with Structure-Aware Feature Encoding and Soft Semantic Region-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 4
- 2024Convolution kernel adaptation to calibrated fisheyecited by 4
- 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimizationcited by 4
- 2021Panoramic Depth Estimation via Supervised and Unsupervised Learning in Indoor Scenescited by 2
- 2024MaGRITTe: Manipulative and Generative 3D Realization from Image, Topview and Textcited by 2
- 2022Monocular Spherical Depth Estimation with Explicitly Connected Weak Layout Cuescited by 1
- 2023Enhancing Perception and Immersion in Pre-Captured Environments through Learning-Based Eye Height Adaptationcited by 1
- 2023Calibrating Panoramic Depth Estimation for Practical Localization and Mappingcited by 1
- 2024360 in the Wild: Dataset for Depth Prediction and View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2021Hyper360 -- a Next Generation Toolset for Immersive Mediacited by 0
- 2021Dense Depth Estimation from Multiple 360-degree Images Using Virtual Depthcited by 0
- 20233 Dimensional Dense Reconstruction: A Review of Algorithms and Datasetcited by 0
- 2023Central Angle Optimization for 360-degree Holographic 3D Contentcited by 0
- 2024MCPDepth: Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Stereo Matching from Multi-Cylindrical Panoramascited by 0
- 2024Real-time Multi-view Omnidirectional Depth Estimation for Real Scenarios based on Teacher-Student Learning with Unlabeled Datacited by 0
- 2024Robust and Flexible Omnidirectional Depth Estimation with Multiple 360-degree Camerascited by 0
- 2024CUBE360: Learning Cubic Field Representation for Monocular 360 Depth Estimation for Virtual Realitycited by 0
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priorscited by 0
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priorscited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026StereoGeo: an end-to-end stereo camera calibration method12 Jun 2026
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priors14 May 2026
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priors24 Mar 2026
- 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimization28 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Representation Learning, Optimization Strategies, and Applications for Omnidirectional Vision11 Feb 2025
- 2024CUBE360: Learning Cubic Field Representation for Monocular 360 Depth Estimation for Virtual Reality8 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust and Flexible Omnidirectional Depth Estimation with Multiple 360-degree Cameras23 Sep 2024
- 2024Real-time Multi-view Omnidirectional Depth Estimation for Real Scenarios based on Teacher-Student Learning with Unlabeled Data12 Sep 2024
- 2024MCPDepth: Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Stereo Matching from Multi-Cylindrical Panoramas3 Aug 2024
- 2024360 in the Wild: Dataset for Depth Prediction and View Synthesis27 Jun 2024
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentation18 Jun 2024
- 2024Estimating Depth of Monocular Panoramic Image with Teacher-Student Model Fusing Equirectangular and Spherical Representations27 May 2024
38 more
- 2024OmniLocalRF: Omnidirectional Local Radiance Fields from Dynamic Videos31 Mar 2024
- 2024MaGRITTe: Manipulative and Generative 3D Realization from Image, Topview and Text30 Mar 2024
- 2024Convolution kernel adaptation to calibrated fisheye2 Feb 2024
- 20243D Scene Geometry Estimation from 360^circ Imagery: A Survey17 Jan 2024
- 2023Central Angle Optimization for 360-degree Holographic 3D Content10 Nov 2023
- 2023RigNet++: Semantic Assisted Repetitive Image Guided Network for Depth Completion1 Sep 2023
- 2023Calibrating Panoramic Depth Estimation for Practical Localization and Mapping27 Aug 2023
- 2023Enhancing Perception and Immersion in Pre-Captured Environments through Learning-Based Eye Height Adaptation24 Aug 2023
- 20233 Dimensional Dense Reconstruction: A Review of Algorithms and Dataset19 Apr 2023
- 2023EGformer: Equirectangular Geometry-biased Transformer for 360 Depth Estimation16 Apr 2023
- 2023360BEV: Panoramic Semantic Mapping for Indoor Bird's-Eye View21 Mar 2023
- 2023Unsupervised OmniMVS: Efficient Omnidirectional Depth Inference via Establishing Pseudo-Stereo Supervision20 Feb 2023
- 2022High-Resolution Depth Estimation for 360-degree Panoramas through Perspective and Panoramic Depth Images Registration19 Oct 2022
- 2022BiFuse++: Self-supervised and Efficient Bi-projection Fusion for 360 Depth Estimation7 Sep 2022
- 2022360Roam: Real-Time Indoor Roaming Using Geometry-Aware 360^circ Radiance Fields4 Aug 2022
- 2022Monocular Spherical Depth Estimation with Explicitly Connected Weak Layout Cues22 Jun 2022
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectives21 May 2022
- 2022Review on Panoramic Imaging and Its Applications in Scene Understanding11 May 2022
- 2022HiMODE: A Hybrid Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimation Model11 Apr 2022
- 2022Casual 6-DoF: free-viewpoint panorama using a handheld 360 camera31 Mar 2022
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completion18 Mar 2022
- 2022OmniFusion: 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Geometry-Aware Fusion2 Mar 2022
- 2022OmniSyn: Synthesizing 360 Videos with Wide-baseline Panoramas17 Feb 2022
- 2022360 Depth Estimation in the Wild -- The Depth360 Dataset and the SegFuse Network16 Feb 2022
- 2022GLPanoDepth: Global-to-Local Panoramic Depth Estimation6 Feb 2022
- 2022PanoDepth: A Two-Stage Approach for Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimation2 Feb 2022
- 2021Dense Depth Estimation from Multiple 360-degree Images Using Virtual Depth30 Dec 2021
- 2021ACDNet: Adaptively Combined Dilated Convolution for Monocular Panorama Depth Estimation29 Dec 2021
- 2021360deg Optical Flow using Tangent Images28 Dec 2021
- 2021Towards Full-to-Empty Room Generation with Structure-Aware Feature Encoding and Soft Semantic Region-Adaptive Normalization10 Dec 2021
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimation30 Nov 2021
- 2021Improving 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Non-local Dense Prediction Transformer and Joint Supervised and Self-supervised Learning22 Sep 2021
- 2021Pano3D: A Holistic Benchmark and a Solid Baseline for 360o Depth Estimation6 Sep 2021
- 2021Panoramic Depth Estimation via Supervised and Unsupervised Learning in Indoor Scenes18 Aug 2021
- 2021Hyper360 -- a Next Generation Toolset for Immersive Media1 Aug 2021
- 2021PanoDR: Spherical Panorama Diminished Reality for Indoor Scenes1 Jun 2021
- 2021Layout-Guided Novel View Synthesis from a Single Indoor Panorama31 Mar 2021
- 2021Single-Shot Cuboids: Geodesics-based End-to-end Manhattan Aligned Layout Estimation from Spherical Panoramas7 Feb 2021
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2021UniFuse: Unidirectional Fusion for 360circ Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 91
- 2021360MonoDepth: High-Resolution 360deg Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 60
- 2022OmniFusion: 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Geometry-Aware Fusioncited by 60
- 2022Review on Panoramic Imaging and Its Applications in Scene Understandingcited by 42
- 2023EGformer: Equirectangular Geometry-biased Transformer for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 42
- 2021ACDNet: Adaptively Combined Dilated Convolution for Monocular Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 39
- 2022Deep Learning for Omnidirectional Vision: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 38
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
- 2021Pano3D: A Holistic Benchmark and a Solid Baseline for 360o Depth Estimationcited by 37
- 2022BiFuse++: Self-supervised and Efficient Bi-projection Fusion for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 35
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2025A Survey of Representation Learning, Optimization Strategies, and Applications for Omnidirectional Visioncited by 23
12 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026StereoGeo: an end-to-end stereo camera calibration method12 Jun 2026
- 2026H-OmniStereo: Zero-Shot Omnidirectional Stereo Matching with Heading-Aligned Normal Priors14 May 2026
- 2026Pose-Free Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting for 360-Degree Videos with Consistent Depth Priors24 Mar 2026
- 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimization28 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Representation Learning, Optimization Strategies, and Applications for Omnidirectional Vision11 Feb 2025
- 2024CUBE360: Learning Cubic Field Representation for Monocular 360 Depth Estimation for Virtual Reality8 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust and Flexible Omnidirectional Depth Estimation with Multiple 360-degree Cameras23 Sep 2024
- 2024Real-time Multi-view Omnidirectional Depth Estimation for Real Scenarios based on Teacher-Student Learning with Unlabeled Data12 Sep 2024
- 2024MCPDepth: Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Stereo Matching from Multi-Cylindrical Panoramas3 Aug 2024
- 2024360 in the Wild: Dataset for Depth Prediction and View Synthesis27 Jun 2024
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentation18 Jun 2024
- 2024Estimating Depth of Monocular Panoramic Image with Teacher-Student Model Fusing Equirectangular and Spherical Representations27 May 2024
12 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)