Bridging Unsupervised and Supervised Depth from Focus via All-in-Focus Supervision
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Abstract (arXiv)
Depth estimation is a long-lasting yet important task in computer vision. Most of the previous works try to estimate depth from input images and assume images are all-in-focus (AiF), which is less common in real-world applications. On the other hand, a few works take defocus blur into account and consider it as another cue for depth estimation. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate not only a depth map but an AiF image from a set of images with different focus positions (known as a focal stack). We design a shared architecture to exploit the relationship between depth and AiF estimation. As a result, the proposed method can be trained either supervisedly with ground truth depth, or unsupervisedly with AiF images as supervisory signals. We show in various experiments that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods both quantitatively and qualitatively, and also has higher efficiency in inference time.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2021.
Builds on
19 of 46 references.
References · 19
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- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,479
- 2015A Large Dataset to Train Convolutional Networks for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimationcited by 881
- 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
- 2017DeepFuse: A Deep Unsupervised Approach for Exposure Fusion with Extreme Exposure Image Pairscited by 78
- 2016Deep3D: Fully Automatic 2D-to-3D Video Conversion with Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 73
- 2018Synthetic Depth-of-Field with a Single-Camera Mobile Phonecited by 71
- 2020Single Image Depth Estimation Trained via Depth from Defocus Cuescited by 45
- 2019360SD-Net: 360deg Stereo Depth Estimation with Learnable Cost Volumecited by 40
- 2020Focus on defocus: bridging the synthetic to real domain gap for depth estimationcited by 37
- 2020Light Field Spatial Super-resolution via Deep Combinatorial Geometry Embedding and Structural Consistency Regularizationcited by 36
7 more
- 2017Deep Depth From Focuscited by 28
- 2020Learning to Autofocuscited by 26
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- 2017Aperture Supervision for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 21
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- 2014Variational Depth from Focus Reconstructioncited by 15
- 2016Video Depth-From-Defocuscited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.
23 papers.
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- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
- 2021Deep Depth from Focus with Differential Focus Volumecited by 20
- 2023Fully Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Defocus Cluecited by 17
- 2023Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Focuscited by 12
- 2024HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priorscited by 11
- 2022Learning Depth from Focus in the Wildcited by 8
- 2022Deep Depth from Focal Stack with Defocus Model for Camera-Setting Invariancecited by 7
- 2023Camera-Independent Single Image Depth Estimation from Defocus Blurcited by 5
- 2025Efficient Depth- and Spatially-Varying Image Simulation for Defocus Deblurcited by 4
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Imagecited by 4
- 2024Depth Estimation Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting Siamese Defocuscited by 3
- 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cuescited by 3
11 more
- 2024Self-Supervised Spatially Variant PSF Estimation for Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Defocuscited by 2
- 2022BuFF: Burst Feature Finder for Light-Constrained 3D Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2023FocDepthFormer: Transformer with latent LSTM for Depth Estimation from Focal Stackcited by 1
- 2024Learning Monocular Depth from Focus with Event Focal Stackcited by 1
- 2025Fovea Stacking: Imaging with Dynamic Localized Aberration Correctioncited by 1
- 2025DualFocus: Depth from Focus with Spatio-Focal Dual Variational Constraintscited by 1
- 2025Robust Shape from Focus via Multiscale Directional Dilated Laplacian and Recurrent Networkcited by 1
- 2025Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusioncited by 0
- 2026Depth from Defocus via Direct Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026Zero-Shot Depth from Defocuscited by 0
- 2026Towards Minimal Focal Stack in Shape from Focuscited by 0
- 2026Towards Minimal Focal Stack in Shape from Focus2 Apr 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Depth from Defocus27 Mar 2026
- 2026Depth from Defocus via Direct Optimization18 Feb 2026
- 2025Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusion25 Dec 2025
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Image18 Dec 2025
- 2025Robust Shape from Focus via Multiscale Directional Dilated Laplacian and Recurrent Network11 Dec 2025
- 2025DualFocus: Depth from Focus with Spatio-Focal Dual Variational Constraints26 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Depth- and Spatially-Varying Image Simulation for Defocus Deblur1 Jul 2025
- 2025Fovea Stacking: Imaging with Dynamic Localized Aberration Correction31 May 2025
- 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cues23 May 2025
- 2024Depth Estimation Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting Siamese Defocus18 Sep 2024
- 2024HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priors26 Jul 2024
11 more
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentation18 Jun 2024
- 2024Learning Monocular Depth from Focus with Event Focal Stack11 May 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Spatially Variant PSF Estimation for Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Defocus28 Feb 2024
- 2023Camera-Independent Single Image Depth Estimation from Defocus Blur21 Nov 2023
- 2023FocDepthFormer: Transformer with latent LSTM for Depth Estimation from Focal Stack17 Oct 2023
- 2023Fully Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Defocus Clue19 Mar 2023
- 2023Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Focus8 Mar 2023
- 2022BuFF: Burst Feature Finder for Light-Constrained 3D Reconstruction20 Sep 2022
- 2022Learning Depth from Focus in the Wild20 Jul 2022
- 2022Deep Depth from Focal Stack with Defocus Model for Camera-Setting Invariance26 Feb 2022
- 2021Deep Depth from Focus with Differential Focus Volume3 Dec 2021
- 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
- 2021Deep Depth from Focus with Differential Focus Volumecited by 20
- 2023Fully Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Defocus Cluecited by 17
- 2023Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Focuscited by 12
- 2024HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priorscited by 11
- 2022Learning Depth from Focus in the Wildcited by 8
- 2022Deep Depth from Focal Stack with Defocus Model for Camera-Setting Invariancecited by 7
- 2023Camera-Independent Single Image Depth Estimation from Defocus Blurcited by 5
- 2025Efficient Depth- and Spatially-Varying Image Simulation for Defocus Deblurcited by 4
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Imagecited by 4
- 2024Depth Estimation Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting Siamese Defocuscited by 3
- 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cuescited by 3
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Towards Minimal Focal Stack in Shape from Focus2 Apr 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Depth from Defocus27 Mar 2026
- 2026Depth from Defocus via Direct Optimization18 Feb 2026
- 2025Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusion25 Dec 2025
- 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Image18 Dec 2025
- 2025Robust Shape from Focus via Multiscale Directional Dilated Laplacian and Recurrent Network11 Dec 2025
- 2025DualFocus: Depth from Focus with Spatio-Focal Dual Variational Constraints26 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient Depth- and Spatially-Varying Image Simulation for Defocus Deblur1 Jul 2025
- 2025Fovea Stacking: Imaging with Dynamic Localized Aberration Correction31 May 2025
- 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cues23 May 2025
- 2024Depth Estimation Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting Siamese Defocus18 Sep 2024
- 2024HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priors26 Jul 2024
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)