mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Bridging Unsupervised and Supervised Depth from Focus via All-in-Focus Supervision

arXiv 2108.10843 ↗First posted 24 Aug 2021cs.CVcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Depth estimation is a long-lasting yet important task in computer vision. Most of the previous works try to estimate depth from input images and assume images are all-in-focus (AiF), which is less common in real-world applications. On the other hand, a few works take defocus blur into account and consider it as another cue for depth estimation. In this paper, we propose a method to estimate not only a depth map but an AiF image from a set of images with different focus positions (known as a focal stack). We design a shared architecture to exploit the relationship between depth and AiF estimation. As a result, the proposed method can be trained either supervisedly with ground truth depth, or unsupervisedly with AiF images as supervisory signals. We show in various experiments that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods both quantitatively and qualitatively, and also has higher efficiency in inference time.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2021.

Builds on

19 of 46 references.

References · 19

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,479
  4. 2015A Large Dataset to Train Convolutional Networks for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimationcited by 881
  5. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
  6. 2017DeepFuse: A Deep Unsupervised Approach for Exposure Fusion with Extreme Exposure Image Pairscited by 78
  7. 2016Deep3D: Fully Automatic 2D-to-3D Video Conversion with Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 73
  8. 2018Synthetic Depth-of-Field with a Single-Camera Mobile Phonecited by 71
  9. 2020Single Image Depth Estimation Trained via Depth from Defocus Cuescited by 45
  10. 2019360SD-Net: 360deg Stereo Depth Estimation with Learnable Cost Volumecited by 40
  11. 2020Focus on defocus: bridging the synthetic to real domain gap for depth estimationcited by 37
  12. 2020Light Field Spatial Super-resolution via Deep Combinatorial Geometry Embedding and Structural Consistency Regularizationcited by 36
7 more
  1. 2017Deep Depth From Focuscited by 28
  2. 2020Learning to Autofocuscited by 26
  3. 2018The Visual Centrifuge: Model-Free Layered Video Representationscited by 23
  4. 2017Aperture Supervision for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 21
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  6. 2014Variational Depth from Focus Reconstructioncited by 15
  7. 2016Video Depth-From-Defocuscited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 5; 2025: 7; 2026: 3.

23 papers.

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  1. 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
  2. 2021Deep Depth from Focus with Differential Focus Volumecited by 20
  3. 2023Fully Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Defocus Cluecited by 17
  4. 2023Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Focuscited by 12
  5. 2024HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priorscited by 11
  6. 2022Learning Depth from Focus in the Wildcited by 8
  7. 2022Deep Depth from Focal Stack with Defocus Model for Camera-Setting Invariancecited by 7
  8. 2023Camera-Independent Single Image Depth Estimation from Defocus Blurcited by 5
  9. 2025Efficient Depth- and Spatially-Varying Image Simulation for Defocus Deblurcited by 4
  10. 2025Generative Refocusing: Flexible Defocus Control from a Single Imagecited by 4
  11. 2024Depth Estimation Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting Siamese Defocuscited by 3
  12. 2025Repurposing Marigold for Zero-Shot Metric Depth Estimation via Defocus Blur Cuescited by 3
11 more
  1. 2024Self-Supervised Spatially Variant PSF Estimation for Aberration-Aware Depth-from-Defocuscited by 2
  2. 2022BuFF: Burst Feature Finder for Light-Constrained 3D Reconstructioncited by 1
  3. 2023FocDepthFormer: Transformer with latent LSTM for Depth Estimation from Focal Stackcited by 1
  4. 2024Learning Monocular Depth from Focus with Event Focal Stackcited by 1
  5. 2025Fovea Stacking: Imaging with Dynamic Localized Aberration Correctioncited by 1
  6. 2025DualFocus: Depth from Focus with Spatio-Focal Dual Variational Constraintscited by 1
  7. 2025Robust Shape from Focus via Multiscale Directional Dilated Laplacian and Recurrent Networkcited by 1
  8. 2025Generative Multi-Focus Image Fusioncited by 0
  9. 2026Depth from Defocus via Direct Optimizationcited by 0
  10. 2026Zero-Shot Depth from Defocuscited by 0
  11. 2026Towards Minimal Focal Stack in Shape from Focuscited by 0