mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

BiFuse++: Self-supervised and Efficient Bi-projection Fusion for 360 Depth Estimation

arXiv 2209.02952 ↗First posted 7 Sep 2022cs.CVcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

Due to the rise of spherical cameras, monocular 360 depth estimation becomes an important technique for many applications (e.g., autonomous systems). Thus, state-of-the-art frameworks for monocular 360 depth estimation such as bi-projection fusion in BiFuse are proposed. To train such a framework, a large number of panoramas along with the corresponding depth ground truths captured by laser sensors are required, which highly increases the cost of data collection. Moreover, since such a data collection procedure is time-consuming, the scalability of extending these methods to different scenes becomes a challenge. To this end, self-training a network for monocular depth estimation from 360 videos is one way to alleviate this issue. However, there are no existing frameworks that incorporate bi-projection fusion into the self-training scheme, which highly limits the self-supervised performance since bi-projection fusion can leverage information from different projection types. In this paper, we propose BiFuse++ to explore the combination of bi-projection fusion and the self-training scenario. To be specific, we propose a new fusion module and Contrast-Aware Photometric Loss to improve the performance of BiFuse and increase the stability of self-training on real-world videos. We conduct both supervised and self-supervised experiments on benchmark datasets and achieve state-of-the-art performance.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2022.

Builds on

44 of 55 references.

References · 44

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  4. 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,495
  5. 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,376
  6. 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,274
  7. 2016Real-Time Single Image and Video Super-Resolution Using an Efficient Sub-Pixel Convolutional Neural Networkcited by 1,204
  8. 2016Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Left-Right Consistencycited by 820
  9. 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 782
  10. 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 723
  11. 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 601
  12. 2016Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Imagecited by 472
32 more
  1. 2018Spherical CNNscited by 456
  2. 20193D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 439
  3. 2017Joint 2D-3D-Semantic Data for Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 406
  4. 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 403
  5. 2016Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescuecited by 368
  6. 2018An Intriguing Failing of Convolutional Neural Networks and the CoordConv Solutioncited by 307
  7. 2017Learning SO(3) Equivariant Representations with Spherical CNNscited by 248
  8. 2020Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation: Solving the Dynamic Object Problem by Semantic Guidancecited by 148
  9. 2020Semantically-Guided Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depthcited by 134
  10. 2020Self-supervised Monocular Trained Depth Estimation using Self-attention and Discrete Disparity Volumecited by 116
  11. 2019HorizonNet: Learning Room Layout with 1D Representation and Pano Stretch Data Augmentationcited by 108
  12. 2014Deep Convolutional Neural Fields for Depth Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 106
  13. 2020HoHoNet: 360 Indoor Holistic Understanding with Latent Horizontal Featurescited by 105
  14. 2018OmniDepth: Dense Depth Estimation for Indoors Spherical Panoramascited by 99
  15. 2021UniFuse: Unidirectional Fusion for 360circ Panorama Depth Estimationcited by 92
  16. 2016Estimating Depth from Monocular Images as Classification Using Deep Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 91
  17. 2017SfM-Net: Learning of Structure and Motion from Videocited by 89
  18. 2018Structured Attention Guided Convolutional Neural Fields for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 78
  19. 2016Deep3D: Fully Automatic 2D-to-3D Video Conversion with Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 73
  20. 2020The Edge of Depth: Explicit Constraints between Segmentation and Depthcited by 72
  21. 2017Multi-Scale Continuous CRFs as Sequential Deep Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 70
  22. 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
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  24. 2018Cube Padding for Weakly-Supervised Saliency Prediction in 360deg Videoscited by 66
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  27. 2019Spherical View Synthesis for Self-Supervised 360 Depth Estimationcited by 51
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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 12; 2025: 9; 2026: 11.

35 papers.

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  1. 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimationcited by 62
  2. 2023EGformer: Equirectangular Geometry-biased Transformer for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 43
  3. 2024Depth Anywhere: Enhancing 360 Monocular Depth Estimation via Perspective Distillation and Unlabeled Data Augmentationcited by 38
  4. 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360degDepth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-with-Regional Depth Distributionscited by 37
  5. 2024Elite360D: Towards Efficient 360 Depth Estimation via Semantic- and Distance-Aware Bi-Projection Fusioncited by 31
  6. 2025DA2: Depth Anything in Any Directioncited by 25
  7. 2024PanDA: Towards Panoramic Depth Anything with Unlabeled Panoramas and Mobius Spatial Augmentationcited by 22
  8. 2024SphereUFormer: A U-Shaped Transformer for Spherical 360 Perceptioncited by 13
  9. 2025Omnidirectional Multi-Object Trackingcited by 13
  10. 2026PanoVGGT: Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction from Panoramic Imagerycited by 13
  11. 2026One2Scene: Geometric Consistent Explorable 3D Scene Generation from a Single Imagecited by 11
  12. 2024SGFormer: Spherical Geometry Transformer for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 9
23 more
  1. 2025Loc2: Interpretable Cross-View Localization via Depth-Lifted Local Feature Matchingcited by 8
  2. 2024PanoNormal: Monocular Indoor 360deg Surface Normal Estimationcited by 6
  3. 2026VGGT-360: Geometry-Consistent Zero-Shot Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 6
  4. 2024Revisiting 360 Depth Estimation with PanoGabor: A New Fusion Perspectivecited by 5
  5. 2025RPG360: Robust 360 Depth Estimation with Perspective Foundation Models and Graph Optimizationcited by 4
  6. 2025OmniTrack++: Omnidirectional Multi-Object Tracking by Learning Large-FoV Trajectory Feedbackcited by 4
  7. 2026Wid3R: Wide Field-of-View 3D Reconstruction via Camera Model Conditioningcited by 4
  8. 2024Elite360M: Efficient 360 Multi-task Learning via Bi-projection Fusion and Cross-task Collaborationcited by 3
  9. 2024Multi-task Geometric Estimation of Depth and Surface Normal from Monocular 360deg Imagescited by 3
  10. 2025Depth Anything in 360^circ: Towards Scale Invariance in the Wildcited by 2
  11. 2026SphericalDreamer: Generating Navigable Immersive 3D Worlds with Panorama Fusioncited by 2
  12. 2023WinDB: HMD-free and Distortion-free Panoptic Video Fixation Learningcited by 1
  13. 2025A Systematic Investigation on Deep Learning-Based Omnidirectional Image and Video Super-Resolutioncited by 1
  14. 2026Unified Panoramic Geometry Estimation via Multi-View Foundation Modelscited by 1
  15. 2024Real-time Multi-view Omnidirectional Depth Estimation for Real Scenarios based on Teacher-Student Learning with Unlabeled Datacited by 0
  16. 2024Robust and Flexible Omnidirectional Depth Estimation with Multiple 360-degree Camerascited by 0
  17. 2024CUBE360: Learning Cubic Field Representation for Monocular 360 Depth Estimation for Virtual Realitycited by 0
  18. 2025PAGCNet: A Pose-Aware and Geometry Constrained Framework for Panoramic Depth Estimationcited by 0
  19. 2026Cross360: 360deg Monocular Depth Estimation via Cross Projections Across Scalescited by 0
  20. 2026RePer-360: Releasing Perspective Priors for 360^circ Depth Estimation via Self-Modulationcited by 0
  21. 2026Sphere-Depth: A Benchmark for Depth Estimation Methods with Varying Spherical Camera Orientationscited by 0
  22. 2026DepthMaster: Unified Monocular Depth Estimation for Perspective and Panoramic Imagescited by 0
  23. 2026Decoupling Spherical Reasoning from Dense Prediction for 360 Depth Estimationcited by 0