mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safety

arXiv 2403.12316 ↗First posted 18 Mar 2024cs.CLcited by 9

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The rapid development of Chinese large language models (LLMs) poses big challenges for efficient LLM evaluation. While current initiatives have introduced new benchmarks or evaluation platforms for assessing Chinese LLMs, many of these focus primarily on capabilities, usually overlooking potential alignment and safety issues. To address this gap, we introduce OpenEval, an evaluation testbed that benchmarks Chinese LLMs across capability, alignment and safety. For capability assessment, we include 12 benchmark datasets to evaluate Chinese LLMs from 4 sub-dimensions: NLP tasks, disciplinary knowledge, commonsense reasoning and mathematical reasoning. For alignment assessment, OpenEval contains 7 datasets that examines the bias, offensiveness and illegalness in the outputs yielded by Chinese LLMs. To evaluate safety, especially anticipated risks (e.g., power-seeking, self-awareness) of advanced LLMs, we include 6 datasets. In addition to these benchmarks, we have implemented a phased public evaluation and benchmark update strategy to ensure that OpenEval is in line with the development of Chinese LLMs or even able to provide cutting-edge benchmark datasets to guide the development of Chinese LLMs. In our first public evaluation, we have tested a range of Chinese LLMs, spanning from 7B to 72B parameters, including both open-source and proprietary models. Evaluation results indicate that while Chinese LLMs have shown impressive performance in certain tasks, more attention should be directed towards broader aspects such as commonsense reasoning, alignment, and safety.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Mar 2024.

Builds on

37 of 62 references.

References · 37

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  2. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  3. 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,115
  4. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,846
  5. 2021GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infillingcited by 1,026
  6. 2016The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse contextcited by 960
  7. 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 957
  8. 2022Discovering Language Model Behaviors with Model-Written Evaluationscited by 805
  9. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
  10. 2023Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Modelscited by 664
  11. 2023API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMscited by 574
  12. 2021Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processingcited by 526
25 more
  1. 2023CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinesecited by 436
  2. 2023Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpacacited by 302
  3. 2020CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 277
  4. 2023ToolQA: A Dataset for LLM Question Answering with External Toolscited by 273
  5. 2023Large Language Model Alignment: A Surveycited by 241
  6. 2023Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 200
  7. 2023Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmarkcited by 182
  8. 2023Model evaluation for extreme riskscited by 167
  9. 2019Optimal Policies Tend to Seek Powercited by 115
  10. 2022Is Power-Seeking AI an Existential Risk?cited by 101
  11. 2023Evaluating Language-Model Agents on Realistic Autonomous Taskscited by 94
  12. 2023CMATH: Can Your Language Model Pass Chinese Elementary School Math Test?cited by 89
  13. 2023Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Casescited by 85
  14. 2019Investigating Prior Knowledge for Challenging Chinese Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 80
  15. 2022COLD: A Benchmark for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 74
  16. 2019ChID: A Large-scale Chinese IDiom Dataset for Cloze Testcited by 65
  17. 2024Escalation Risks from Language Models in Military and Diplomatic Decision-Makingcited by 61
  18. 2023Xiezhi: An Ever-Updating Benchmark for Holistic Domain Knowledge Evaluationcited by 52
  19. 2023SuperCLUE: A Comprehensive Chinese Large Language Model Benchmarkcited by 50
  20. 2021SWSR: A Chinese Dataset and Lexicon for Online Sexism Detectioncited by 42
  21. 2023ChatHome: Development and Evaluation of a Domain-Specific Language Model for Home Renovationcited by 25
  22. 2022Parametrically Retargetable Decision-Makers Tend To Seek Powercited by 19
  23. 2023CORGI-PM: A Chinese Corpus For Gender Bias Probing and Mitigationcited by 19
  24. 2019BiPaR: A Bilingual Parallel Dataset for Multilingual and Cross-lingual Reading Comprehension on Novelscited by 17
  25. 2023Evaluating the Generation Capabilities of Large Chinese Language Modelscited by 11

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.

9 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023TencentLLMEval: A Hierarchical Evaluation of Real-World Capabilities for Human-Aligned LLMs
  2. 2023Flames: Benchmarking Value Alignment of LLMs in Chinese
  3. 2025QualBench: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs with Localized Professional Qualifications for Vertical Domain Evaluation
  4. 2023ArcMMLU: A Library and Information Science Benchmark for Large Language Models
  5. 2023AlignBench: Benchmarking Chinese Alignment of Large Language Models
  6. 2024Chinese SafetyQA: A Safety Short-form Factuality Benchmark for Large Language Models
  7. 2023CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibility
  8. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment