mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

What is the best model? Application-driven Evaluation for Large Language Models

arXiv 2406.10307 ↗First posted 14 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 4

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

General large language models enhanced with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback are increasingly popular in academia and industry as they generalize foundation models to various practical tasks in a prompt manner. To assist users in selecting the best model in practical application scenarios, i.e., choosing the model that meets the application requirements while minimizing cost, we introduce A-Eval, an application-driven LLMs evaluation benchmark for general large language models. First, we categorize evaluation tasks into five main categories and 27 sub-categories from a practical application perspective. Next, we construct a dataset comprising 678 question-and-answer pairs through a process of collecting, annotating, and reviewing. Then, we design an objective and effective evaluation method and evaluate a series of LLMs of different scales on A-Eval. Finally, we reveal interesting laws regarding model scale and task difficulty level and propose a feasible method for selecting the best model. Through A-Eval, we provide clear empirical and engineer guidance for selecting the best model, reducing barriers to selecting and using LLMs and promoting their application and development. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/UnicomAI/DataSet/tree/main/TestData/GeneralAbility.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 17 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2024.

Builds on

17 of 20 references.

References · 17

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  2. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  3. 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
  4. 2021Program Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 3,509
  5. 2023Qwen Technical Reportcited by 3,273
  6. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,970
  7. 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,807
  8. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
  9. 2023LegalBench: A Collaboratively Built Benchmark for Measuring Legal Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 328
  10. 2022ConvFinQA: Exploring the Chain of Numerical Reasoning in Conversational Finance Question Answeringcited by 194
  11. 2023TaskBench: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Task Automationcited by 138
  12. 2023ARB: Advanced Reasoning Benchmark for Large Language Modelscited by 60
5 more
  1. 2023Evaluating and Improving Tool-Augmented Computation-Intensive Math Reasoningcited by 49
  2. 2023M3KE: A Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Modelscited by 30
  3. 2023Measuring Massive Multitask Chinese Understandingcited by 25
  4. 2024OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safetycited by 9
  5. 2023Towards Effective Ancient Chinese Translation: Dataset, Model, and Evaluationcited by 7

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 3.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Can Large Language Models be Trusted for Evaluation? Scalable Meta-Evaluation of LLMs as Evaluators via Agent Debate
  2. 2024Sample-Efficient Human Evaluation of Large Language Models via Maximum Discrepancy Competition
  3. 2026Self-Improvement of Large Language Models: A Technical Overview and Future Outlook
  4. 2025Learned-Rule-Augmented Large Language Model Evaluators
  5. 2025Domain Specific Benchmarks for Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models
  6. 2025MMLU-ProX: A Multilingual Benchmark for Advanced Large Language Model Evaluation
  7. 2023AgentSims: An Open-Source Sandbox for Large Language Model Evaluation
  8. 2024A critical review of methods and challenges in large language models