BiPaR: A Bilingual Parallel Dataset for Multilingual and Cross-lingual Reading Comprehension on Novels
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents BiPaR, a bilingual parallel novel-style machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset, developed to support multilingual and cross-lingual reading comprehension. The biggest difference between BiPaR and existing reading comprehension datasets is that each triple (Passage, Question, Answer) in BiPaR is written parallelly in two languages. We collect 3,667 bilingual parallel paragraphs from Chinese and English novels, from which we construct 14,668 parallel question-answer pairs via crowdsourced workers following a strict quality control procedure. We analyze BiPaR in depth and find that BiPaR offers good diversification in prefixes of questions, answer types and relationships between questions and passages. We also observe that answering questions of novels requires reading comprehension skills of coreference resolution, multi-sentence reasoning, and understanding of implicit causality, etc. With BiPaR, we build monolingual, multilingual, and cross-lingual MRC baseline models. Even for the relatively simple monolingual MRC on this dataset, experiments show that a strong BERT baseline is over 30 points behind human in terms of both EM and F1 score, indicating that BiPaR provides a challenging testbed for monolingual, multilingual and cross-lingual MRC on novels. The dataset is available at https://multinlp.github.io/BiPaR/.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 3; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 2.
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- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023SeqGPT: An Out-of-the-box Large Language Model for Open Domain Sequence Understandingcited by 18
- 2024Question-Based Retrieval using Atomic Units for Enterprise RAGcited by 16
- 2023Mirror: A Universal Framework for Various Information Extraction Taskscited by 12
- 2021BiRdQA: A Bilingual Dataset for Question Answering on Tricky Riddlescited by 10
- 2021Sentence Extraction-Based Machine Reading Comprehension for Vietnamesecited by 9
- 2022Leaf: Multiple-Choice Question Generationcited by 9
- 2024OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safetycited by 9
- 2025Beyond Decoder-only: Large Language Models Can be Good Encoders for Machine Translationcited by 8
- 2022Learning Disentangled Semantic Representations for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 6
- 2024On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboardscited by 6
5 more
- 2021A Survey on non-English Question Answering Datasetcited by 5
- 2024BanglaQuAD: A Bengali Open-domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 4
- 2025Understanding LLMs' Cross-Lingual Context Retrieval: How Good It Is And Where It Comes Fromcited by 4
- 2022QuoteKG: A Multilingual Knowledge Graph of Quotescited by 1
- 2024UniPSDA: Unsupervised Pseudo Semantic Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Natural Language Understandingcited by 0
- 2025Understanding LLMs' Cross-Lingual Context Retrieval: How Good It Is And Where It Comes From15 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Decoder-only: Large Language Models Can be Good Encoders for Machine Translation9 Mar 2025
- 2024BanglaQuAD: A Bengali Open-domain Question Answering Dataset14 Oct 2024
- 2024On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboards4 Jul 2024
- 2024UniPSDA: Unsupervised Pseudo Semantic Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Natural Language Understanding24 Jun 2024
- 2024Question-Based Retrieval using Atomic Units for Enterprise RAG20 May 2024
- 2024OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safety18 Mar 2024
- 2023Mirror: A Universal Framework for Various Information Extraction Tasks9 Nov 2023
- 2023SeqGPT: An Out-of-the-box Large Language Model for Open Domain Sequence Understanding21 Aug 2023
- 2022QuoteKG: A Multilingual Knowledge Graph of Quotes19 Jul 2022
- 2022Learning Disentangled Semantic Representations for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Machine Reading Comprehension3 Apr 2022
- 2022Leaf: Multiple-Choice Question Generation22 Jan 2022
5 more
- 2021A Survey on non-English Question Answering Dataset27 Dec 2021
- 2021BiRdQA: A Bilingual Dataset for Question Answering on Tricky Riddles23 Sep 2021
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendation18 Sep 2021
- 2021Sentence Extraction-Based Machine Reading Comprehension for Vietnamese19 May 2021
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Survey25 Jan 2021
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2021English Machine Reading Comprehension Datasets: A Surveycited by 26
- 2023SeqGPT: An Out-of-the-box Large Language Model for Open Domain Sequence Understandingcited by 18
- 2023Mirror: A Universal Framework for Various Information Extraction Taskscited by 12
- 2021BiRdQA: A Bilingual Dataset for Question Answering on Tricky Riddlescited by 10
- 2021Sentence Extraction-Based Machine Reading Comprehension for Vietnamesecited by 9
- 2022Leaf: Multiple-Choice Question Generationcited by 9
- 2024OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safetycited by 9
- 2022Learning Disentangled Semantic Representations for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 6
- 2024On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboardscited by 6
- 2021A Survey on non-English Question Answering Datasetcited by 5
- 2024BanglaQuAD: A Bengali Open-domain Question Answering Datasetcited by 4
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2025Understanding LLMs' Cross-Lingual Context Retrieval: How Good It Is And Where It Comes From15 Apr 2025
- 2024BanglaQuAD: A Bengali Open-domain Question Answering Dataset14 Oct 2024
- 2024On the Workflows and Smells of Leaderboard Operations (LBOps): An Exploratory Study of Foundation Model Leaderboards4 Jul 2024
- 2024UniPSDA: Unsupervised Pseudo Semantic Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Natural Language Understanding24 Jun 2024
- 2024OpenEval: Benchmarking Chinese LLMs across Capability, Alignment and Safety18 Mar 2024
- 2023Mirror: A Universal Framework for Various Information Extraction Tasks9 Nov 2023
- 2023SeqGPT: An Out-of-the-box Large Language Model for Open Domain Sequence Understanding21 Aug 2023
- 2022QuoteKG: A Multilingual Knowledge Graph of Quotes19 Jul 2022
- 2022Learning Disentangled Semantic Representations for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Machine Reading Comprehension3 Apr 2022
- 2022Leaf: Multiple-Choice Question Generation22 Jan 2022
- 2021A Survey on non-English Question Answering Dataset27 Dec 2021
- 2021BiRdQA: A Bilingual Dataset for Question Answering on Tricky Riddles23 Sep 2021
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)