Bilateral Propagation Network for Depth Completion
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Abstract (arXiv)
Depth completion aims to derive a dense depth map from sparse depth measurements with a synchronized color image. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods are predominantly propagation-based, which work as an iterative refinement on the initial estimated dense depth. However, the initial depth estimations mostly result from direct applications of convolutional layers on the sparse depth map. In this paper, we present a Bilateral Propagation Network (BP-Net), that propagates depth at the earliest stage to avoid directly convolving on sparse data. Specifically, our approach propagates the target depth from nearby depth measurements via a non-linear model, whose coefficients are generated through a multi-layer perceptron conditioned on both radiometric difference and spatial distance. By integrating bilateral propagation with multi-modal fusion and depth refinement in a multi-scale framework, our BP-Net demonstrates outstanding performance on both indoor and outdoor scenes. It achieves SOTA on the NYUv2 dataset and ranks 1st on the KITTI depth completion benchmark at the time of submission. Experimental results not only show the effectiveness of bilateral propagation but also emphasize the significance of early-stage propagation in contrast to the refinement stage. Our code and trained models will be available on the project page.
Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2024.
Builds on
38 of 59 references.
References · 38
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2016Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs)cited by 3,431
- 2017Sparsity Invariant CNNscited by 325
- 2016FractalNet: Ultra-Deep Neural Networks without Residualscited by 216
- 2020Non-Local Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 194
- 2017Sparse-to-Dense: Depth Prediction from Sparse Depth Samples and a Single Imagecited by 159
- 2021PENet: Towards Precise and Efficient Image Guided Depth Completioncited by 146
- 2018Self-supervised Sparse-to-Dense: Self-supervised Depth Completion from LiDAR and Monocular Cameracited by 140
26 more
- 2018Learning Depth with Convolutional Spatial Propagation Networkcited by 135
- 2018DeepLiDAR: Deep Surface Normal Guided Depth Prediction for Outdoor Scene from Sparse LiDAR Data and Single Color Imagecited by 129
- 2019Learning Guided Convolutional Network for Depth Completioncited by 111
- 2018Deep Depth Completion of a Single RGB-D Imagecited by 110
- 2019CSPN++: Learning Context and Resource Aware Convolutional Spatial Propagation Networks for Depth Completioncited by 110
- 2019Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR Data with Depth-Normal Constraintscited by 108
- 2018In Defense of Classical Image Processing: Fast Depth Completion on the CPUcited by 96
- 2023CompletionFormer: Depth Completion with Convolutions and Vision Transformerscited by 92
- 2021RigNet: Repetitive Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 80
- 2017Learning Affinity via Spatial Propagation Networkscited by 79
- 2020Learning Joint 2D-3D Representations for Depth Completioncited by 71
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 70
- 2020Adaptive Context-Aware Multi-Modal Network for Depth Completioncited by 69
- 2019Dense Depth Posterior (DDP) from Single Image and Sparse Rangecited by 57
- 2017Joint Image Filtering with Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 52
- 2018Confidence Propagation through CNNs for Guided Sparse Depth Regressioncited by 52
- 2023LRRU: Long-short Range Recurrent Updating Networks for Depth Completioncited by 48
- 2019Depth Coefficients for Depth Completioncited by 41
- 2021Depth Completion with Twin Surface Extrapolation at Occlusion Boundariescited by 41
- 2018HMS-Net: Hierarchical Multi-scale Sparsity-invariant Network for Sparse Depth Completioncited by 32
- 2022Sparsity Agnostic Depth Completioncited by 27
- 2018Estimating Depth from RGB and Sparse Sensingcited by 23
- 2019Depth Completion via Deep Basis Fittingcited by 23
- 2021Bayesian Deep Basis Fitting for Depth Completion with Uncertaintycited by 23
- 2022GraphCSPN: Geometry-Aware Depth Completion via Dynamic GCNscited by 23
- 2021A Surface Geometry Model for LiDAR Depth Completioncited by 18
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 24; 2026: 22.
59 papers.
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By area:
- 2024Prompting Depth Anything for 4K Resolution Accurate Metric Depth Estimationcited by 73
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priorscited by 69
- 2024Marigold-DC: Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Completion with Guided Diffusioncited by 47
- 2025Depth Anything with Any Priorcited by 32
- 2024OMNI-DC: Highly Robust Depth Completion with Multiresolution Depth Integrationcited by 28
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Completecited by 27
- 2025Distilling Monocular Foundation Model for Fine-grained Depth Completioncited by 14
- 2024Completion as Enhancement: A Degradation-Aware Selective Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 12
- 2026MetricAnything: Scaling Metric Depth Pretraining with Noisy Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 10
- 2024SteeredMarigold: Steering Diffusion Towards Depth Completion of Largely Incomplete Depth Mapscited by 7
- 2024Pixel-aligned RGB-NIR Stereo Imaging and Dataset for Robot Visioncited by 7
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 5
38 more
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2025Event-Driven Dynamic Scene Depth Completioncited by 5
- 2026Any to Full: Prompting Depth Anything for Depth Completion in One Stagecited by 5
- 2024Amodal Depth Anything: Amodal Depth Estimation in the Wildcited by 4
- 2025SVDC: Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Completion with Frequency Selective Fusioncited by 4
- 2025PacGDC: Label-Efficient Generalizable Depth Completion with Projection Ambiguity and Consistencycited by 4
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completioncited by 4
- 2025DOC-Depth: A novel approach for dense depth ground truth generationcited by 3
- 2025DEPTHOR: Depth Enhancement from a Practical Light-Weight dToF Sensor and RGB Imagecited by 3
- 2026Depth Completion as Parameter-Efficient Test-Time Adaptationcited by 3
- 2024Depth on Demand: Streaming Dense Depth from a Low Frame Rate Active Sensorcited by 2
- 2025Learning Inverse Laplacian Pyramid for Progressive Depth Completioncited by 2
- 2025Propagating Sparse Depth via Depth Foundation Model for Out-of-Distribution Depth Completioncited by 2
- 2026AURORA-KITTI: Any-Weather Depth Completion and Denoising in the Wildcited by 2
- 2024ARSGaussian: 3D Gaussian Splatting with LiDAR for Aerial Remote Sensing Novel View Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025DenseFormer: Learning Dense Depth Map from Sparse Depth and Image via Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 1
- 2025An Online Adaptation Method for Robust Depth Estimation and Visual Odometry in the Open Worldcited by 1
- 2025Enhancing LiDAR Point Features with Foundation Model Priors for 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025TRIDE: A Text-assisted Radar-Image weather-aware fusion network for Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2025DEPTHOR++: Robust Depth Enhancement from a Real-World Lightweight dToF and RGB Guidancecited by 1
- 2025XD-RCDepth: Lightweight Radar-Camera Depth Estimation with Explainability-Aligned and Distribution-Aware Distillationcited by 1
- 2026Gaussian Belief Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 1
- 2026OASIS-DC: Generalizable Depth Completion via Output-level Alignment of Sparse-Integrated Monocular Pseudo Depthcited by 1
- 2026CARD: A Multi-Modal Automotive Dataset for Dense 3D Reconstruction in Challenging Road Topographycited by 1
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depthcited by 1
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundationscited by 1
- 2026VisTa3D: A Dataset and Benchmark for Thin Object Reconstruction from Vision, Tactile, and 3D Point Cloudscited by 1
- 2026OmniPoint: Universal Monocular Metric Pointcloud from Any Cameracited by 1
- 2024Revisiting Disparity from Dual-Pixel Images: Physics-Informed Lightweight Depth Estimationcited by 0
- 2025ADGaussian: Generalizable Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving via Multi-modal Joint Learningcited by 0
- 2025All-day Depth Completion via Thermal-LiDAR Fusioncited by 0
- 2025RGBX-DiffusionDet: A Framework for Multi-Modal RGB-X Object Detection Using DiffusionDetcited by 0
- 2025DCIRNet: Depth Completion with Iterative Refinement for Dexterous Grasping of Transparent and Reflective Objectscited by 0
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 0
- 2025Geometry-Aware Sparse Depth Sampling for High-Fidelity RGB-D Depth Completion in Robotic Systemscited by 0
- 2026Real-Time LiDAR Point Cloud Densification for Low-Latency Spatial Data Transmissioncited by 0
- 2026Point Virtual Transformercited by 0
50 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026FounRef: Robust, Structure-Preserving, and Fast Metric Refinement of Frozen Monocular Foundation Priors with Sparse Anchors24 Sep 2026
- 2026OmniPoint: Universal Monocular Metric Pointcloud from Any Camera8 Sep 2026
- 2026Depth-to-Image Synthesis-Driven Generative Unguided Depth Completion5 Sep 2026
- 2026VisTa3D: A Dataset and Benchmark for Thin Object Reconstruction from Vision, Tactile, and 3D Point Clouds21 Aug 2026
- 2026RbFT-Net: Rectify-Before-Fuse Temporal Radar Anchors for 4D Radar-Camera Depth Completion13 Aug 2026
- 2026Dense Metric Depth Completion from Sparse Direct Time-of-Flight Sensors5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depth12 May 2026
- 2026CARD: A Multi-Modal Automotive Dataset for Dense 3D Reconstruction in Challenging Road Topography6 May 2026
- 2026EfficientPENet: Real-Time Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR via Lightweight Multi-Modal Fusion20 Apr 2026
- 2026Test-Time Adaptation for Height Completion via Self-Supervised ViT Features and Monocular Foundation Models2 Apr 2026
- 2026ToFormer: Towards Large-scale Scenario Depth Completion for Lightweight ToF Camera21 Mar 2026
38 more
- 20262K Retrofit: Entropy-Guided Efficient Sparse Refinement for High-Resolution 3D Geometry Prediction20 Mar 2026
- 2026AURORA-KITTI: Any-Weather Depth Completion and Denoising in the Wild16 Mar 2026
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusion11 Mar 2026
- 2026Any to Full: Prompting Depth Anything for Depth Completion in One Stage5 Mar 2026
- 2026Depth Completion as Parameter-Efficient Test-Time Adaptation16 Feb 2026
- 2026Point Virtual Transformer4 Feb 2026
- 2026OASIS-DC: Generalizable Depth Completion via Output-level Alignment of Sparse-Integrated Monocular Pseudo Depth1 Feb 2026
- 2026MetricAnything: Scaling Metric Depth Pretraining with Noisy Heterogeneous Sources29 Jan 2026
- 2026Gaussian Belief Propagation Network for Depth Completion29 Jan 2026
- 2026Real-Time LiDAR Point Cloud Densification for Low-Latency Spatial Data Transmission3 Jan 2026
- 2025Geometry-Aware Sparse Depth Sampling for High-Fidelity RGB-D Depth Completion in Robotic Systems9 Dec 2025
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completion8 Nov 2025
- 2025XD-RCDepth: Lightweight Radar-Camera Depth Estimation with Explainability-Aligned and Distribution-Aware Distillation15 Oct 2025
- 2025DEPTHOR++: Robust Depth Enhancement from a Real-World Lightweight dToF and RGB Guidance30 Sep 2025
- 2025TRIDE: A Text-assisted Radar-Image weather-aware fusion network for Depth Estimation11 Aug 2025
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completion8 Aug 2025
- 2025Propagating Sparse Depth via Depth Foundation Model for Out-of-Distribution Depth Completion7 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing LiDAR Point Features with Foundation Model Priors for 3D Object Detection18 Jul 2025
- 2025PacGDC: Label-Efficient Generalizable Depth Completion with Projection Ambiguity and Consistency10 Jul 2025
- 2025DCIRNet: Depth Completion with Iterative Refinement for Dexterous Grasping of Transparent and Reflective Objects11 Jun 2025
- 2025Event-Driven Dynamic Scene Depth Completion19 May 2025
- 2025Depth Anything with Any Prior15 May 2025
- 2025RGBX-DiffusionDet: A Framework for Multi-Modal RGB-X Object Detection Using DiffusionDet5 May 2025
- 2025An Online Adaptation Method for Robust Depth Estimation and Visual Odometry in the Open World16 Apr 2025
- 2025All-day Depth Completion via Thermal-LiDAR Fusion3 Apr 2025
- 2025DEPTHOR: Depth Enhancement from a Practical Light-Weight dToF Sensor and RGB Image2 Apr 2025
- 2025ADGaussian: Generalizable Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Driving via Multi-modal Joint Learning1 Apr 2025
- 2025DenseFormer: Learning Dense Depth Map from Sparse Depth and Image via Conditional Diffusion Model31 Mar 2025
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priors21 Mar 2025
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimation21 Mar 2025
- 2025Distilling Monocular Foundation Model for Fine-grained Depth Completion21 Mar 2025
- 2025SVDC: Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Completion with Frequency Selective Fusion3 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Inverse Laplacian Pyramid for Progressive Depth Completion11 Feb 2025
- 2025DOC-Depth: A novel approach for dense depth ground truth generation4 Feb 2025
- 2024Completion as Enhancement: A Degradation-Aware Selective Image Guided Network for Depth Completion26 Dec 2024
- 2024ARSGaussian: 3D Gaussian Splatting with LiDAR for Aerial Remote Sensing Novel View Synthesis24 Dec 2024
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Complete24 Dec 2024
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot Monocular Metric Depth Estimation18 Dec 2024
50 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2024Prompting Depth Anything for 4K Resolution Accurate Metric Depth Estimationcited by 73
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priorscited by 69
- 2025Depth Anything with Any Priorcited by 32
- 2024OMNI-DC: Highly Robust Depth Completion with Multiresolution Depth Integrationcited by 28
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Completecited by 27
- 2025Distilling Monocular Foundation Model for Fine-grained Depth Completioncited by 14
- 2024Completion as Enhancement: A Degradation-Aware Selective Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 12
- 2026MetricAnything: Scaling Metric Depth Pretraining with Noisy Heterogeneous Sourcescited by 10
- 2024SteeredMarigold: Steering Diffusion Towards Depth Completion of Largely Incomplete Depth Mapscited by 7
- 2024Pixel-aligned RGB-NIR Stereo Imaging and Dataset for Robot Visioncited by 7
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 5
- 2024A Simple yet Effective Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot Monocular Metric Depth Estimationcited by 5
12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026FounRef: Robust, Structure-Preserving, and Fast Metric Refinement of Frozen Monocular Foundation Priors with Sparse Anchors24 Sep 2026
- 2026OmniPoint: Universal Monocular Metric Pointcloud from Any Camera8 Sep 2026
- 2026Depth-to-Image Synthesis-Driven Generative Unguided Depth Completion5 Sep 2026
- 2026VisTa3D: A Dataset and Benchmark for Thin Object Reconstruction from Vision, Tactile, and 3D Point Clouds21 Aug 2026
- 2026RbFT-Net: Rectify-Before-Fuse Temporal Radar Anchors for 4D Radar-Camera Depth Completion13 Aug 2026
- 2026Dense Metric Depth Completion from Sparse Direct Time-of-Flight Sensors5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depth12 May 2026
- 2026CARD: A Multi-Modal Automotive Dataset for Dense 3D Reconstruction in Challenging Road Topography6 May 2026
- 2026EfficientPENet: Real-Time Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR via Lightweight Multi-Modal Fusion20 Apr 2026
- 2026Test-Time Adaptation for Height Completion via Self-Supervised ViT Features and Monocular Foundation Models2 Apr 2026
- 2026ToFormer: Towards Large-scale Scenario Depth Completion for Lightweight ToF Camera21 Mar 2026
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)