PENet: Towards Precise and Efficient Image Guided Depth Completion
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Abstract (arXiv)
Image guided depth completion is the task of generating a dense depth map from a sparse depth map and a high quality image. In this task, how to fuse the color and depth modalities plays an important role in achieving good performance. This paper proposes a two-branch backbone that consists of a color-dominant branch and a depth-dominant branch to exploit and fuse two modalities thoroughly. More specifically, one branch inputs a color image and a sparse depth map to predict a dense depth map. The other branch takes as inputs the sparse depth map and the previously predicted depth map, and outputs a dense depth map as well. The depth maps predicted from two branches are complimentary to each other and therefore they are adaptively fused. In addition, we also propose a simple geometric convolutional layer to encode 3D geometric cues. The geometric encoded backbone conducts the fusion of different modalities at multiple stages, leading to good depth completion results. We further implement a dilated and accelerated CSPN++ to refine the fused depth map efficiently. The proposed full model ranks 1st in the KITTI depth completion online leaderboard at the time of submission. It also infers much faster than most of the top ranked methods. The code of this work is available at https://github.com/JUGGHM/PENet_ICRA2021.
Key facts. Cited by 146 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2021.
Builds on
27 of 32 references.
References · 27
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2015Multi-Scale Context Aggregation by Dilated Convolutionscited by 1,128
- 2017Sparsity Invariant CNNscited by 325
- 2018An Intriguing Failing of Convolutional Neural Networks and the CoordConv Solutioncited by 302
- 2019SOLO: Segmenting Objects by Locationscited by 289
- 2020Non-Local Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 194
- 2017Sparse-to-Dense: Depth Prediction from Sparse Depth Samples and a Single Imagecited by 159
- 2018DeepLiDAR: Deep Surface Normal Guided Depth Prediction for Outdoor Scene from Sparse LiDAR Data and Single Color Imagecited by 129
15 more
- 2019Learning Guided Convolutional Network for Depth Completioncited by 111
- 2019CSPN++: Learning Context and Resource Aware Convolutional Spatial Propagation Networks for Depth Completioncited by 110
- 2018Depth Estimation via Affinity Learned with Convolutional Spatial Propagation Networkcited by 109
- 2019Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR Data with Depth-Normal Constraintscited by 108
- 2017Learning Affinity via Spatial Propagation Networkscited by 79
- 2019Sparse and noisy LiDAR completion with RGB guidance and uncertaintycited by 79
- 2018Sparse and Dense Data with CNNs: Depth Completion and Semantic Segmentationcited by 76
- 2020Learning Joint 2D-3D Representations for Depth Completioncited by 71
- 2020Cars Can't Fly up in the Sky: Improving Urban-Scene Segmentation via Height-driven Attention Networkscited by 70
- 2020Adaptive Context-Aware Multi-Modal Network for Depth Completioncited by 69
- 2020Uncertainty-Aware CNNs for Depth Completion: Uncertainty from Beginning to Endcited by 55
- 2018Propagating Confidences through CNNs for Sparse Data Regressioncited by 36
- 2018HMS-Net: Hierarchical Multi-scale Sparsity-invariant Network for Sparse Depth Completioncited by 32
- 2020Deformable spatial propagation network for depth completioncited by 30
- 2016Semantically Guided Depth Upsamplingcited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 33; 2023: 28; 2024: 41; 2025: 25; 2026: 9.
146 papers.
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- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
- 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
- 2023CompletionFormer: Depth Completion with Convolutions and Vision Transformerscited by 92
- 2022Sparse Fuse Dense: Towards High Quality 3D Detection with Depth Completioncited by 82
- 2023Virtual Sparse Convolution for Multimodal 3D Object Detectioncited by 81
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 70
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priorscited by 69
- 2024Bilateral Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 59
- 2022Transformation-Equivariant 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 52
- 2022Domain Randomization-Enhanced Depth Simulation and Restoration for Perceiving and Grasping Specular and Transparent Objectscited by 49
- 2023LRRU: Long-short Range Recurrent Updating Networks for Depth Completioncited by 48
- 2024Tri-Perspective View Decomposition for Geometry-Aware Depth Completioncited by 42
38 more
- 2022DID-M3D: Decoupling Instance Depth for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 39
- 2022Deep Depth Completion from Extremely Sparse Data: A Surveycited by 33
- 2022Not Just Streaks: Towards Ground Truth for Single Image Derainingcited by 31
- 2022Sparsity Agnostic Depth Completioncited by 27
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Completecited by 27
- 2021BIPS: Bi-modal Indoor Panorama Synthesis via Residual Depth-aided Adversarial Learningcited by 26
- 2022DELTAR: Depth Estimation from a Light-weight ToF Sensor and RGB Imagecited by 26
- 2024Test-Time Adaptation for Depth Completioncited by 26
- 2022Monitored Distillation for Positive Congruent Depth Completioncited by 24
- 2021Bayesian Deep Basis Fitting for Depth Completion with Uncertaintycited by 23
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2022SemAttNet: Towards Attention-based Semantic Aware Guided Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2022GraphCSPN: Geometry-Aware Depth Completion via Dynamic GCNscited by 23
- 2024OGNI-DC: Robust Depth Completion with Optimization-Guided Neural Iterationscited by 23
- 2021Stereoscopic Universal Perturbations across Different Architectures and Datasetscited by 17
- 2022Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Super-Resolutioncited by 16
- 2023AugUndo: Scaling Up Augmentations for Monocular Depth Completion and Estimationcited by 15
- 2023SACReg: Scene-Agnostic Coordinate Regression for Visual Localizationcited by 14
- 2024DORNet: A Degradation Oriented and Regularized Network for Blind Depth Super-Resolutioncited by 14
- 2023NeurOCS: Neural NOCS Supervision for Monocular 3D Object Localizationcited by 13
- 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
- 2023FDCT: Fast Depth Completion for Transparent Objectscited by 12
- 2023Sparse Beats Dense: Rethinking Supervision in Radar-Camera Depth Completioncited by 12
- 2023TULIP: Transformer for Upsampling of LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 12
- 2024Completion as Enhancement: A Degradation-Aware Selective Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 12
- 2021Wild ToFu: Improving Range and Quality of Indirect Time-of-Flight Depth with RGB Fusion in Challenging Environmentscited by 11
- 2023RigNet++: Semantic Assisted Repetitive Image Guided Network for Depth Completioncited by 11
- 2022Unsupervised confidence for LiDAR depth maps and applicationscited by 10
- 2023Decomposed Guided Dynamic Filters for Efficient RGB-Guided Depth Completioncited by 10
- 2024Pixel to Elevation: Learning to Predict Elevation Maps at Long Range using Images for Autonomous Offroad Navigationcited by 10
- 2024Weakly Supervised Monocular 3D Detection with a Single-View Imagecited by 10
- 2022Simultaneous Acquisition of High Quality RGB Image and Polarization Information using a Sparse Polarization Sensorcited by 9
- 2023Clutter Detection and Removal in 3D Scenes with View-Consistent Inpaintingcited by 9
- 2025Extending Foundational Monocular Depth Estimators to Fisheye Cameras with Calibration Tokenscited by 9
- 2023Active Stereo Without Pattern Projectorcited by 8
- 2023NDDepth: Normal-Distance Assisted Monocular Depth Estimation and Completioncited by 8
- 2024RGB Guided ToF Imaging System: A Survey of Deep Learning-based Methodscited by 8
- 2024Cross-spectral Gated-RGB Stereo Depth Estimationcited by 8
50 most cited of 146 All 146 (JSON)
- 2026Dense Metric Depth Completion from Sparse Direct Time-of-Flight Sensors5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026EfficientPENet: Real-Time Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR via Lightweight Multi-Modal Fusion20 Apr 2026
- 2026ToFormer: Towards Large-scale Scenario Depth Completion for Lightweight ToF Camera21 Mar 2026
- 2026AURORA-KITTI: Any-Weather Depth Completion and Denoising in the Wild16 Mar 2026
- 2026Need for Speed: Zero-Shot Depth Completion with Single-Step Diffusion11 Mar 2026
- 2026Point Virtual Transformer4 Feb 2026
- 2026OASIS-DC: Generalizable Depth Completion via Output-level Alignment of Sparse-Integrated Monocular Pseudo Depth1 Feb 2026
- 2026Gaussian Belief Propagation Network for Depth Completion29 Jan 2026
- 2025StarryGazer: Leveraging Monocular Depth Estimation Models for Domain-Agnostic Single Depth Image Completion15 Dec 2025
- 2025Curvature-Regularized Variational Autoencoder for 3D Scene Reconstruction from Sparse Depth5 Dec 2025
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completion8 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025DEPTHOR++: Robust Depth Enhancement from a Real-World Lightweight dToF and RGB Guidance30 Sep 2025
- 2025CMF-IoU: Multi-Stage Cross-Modal Fusion 3D Object Detection with IoU Joint Prediction18 Aug 2025
- 2025TRIDE: A Text-assisted Radar-Image weather-aware fusion network for Depth Estimation11 Aug 2025
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completion8 Aug 2025
- 2025Extending Foundational Monocular Depth Estimators to Fisheye Cameras with Calibration Tokens6 Aug 2025
- 2025Preserving Guidance in Cost-Volume Retrieval under Extreme LiDAR Sparsity in Iterative Stereo26 Jul 2025
- 2025Dense-depth map guided deep Lidar-Visual Odometry with Sparse Point Clouds and Images21 Jul 2025
- 2025Training Self-Supervised Depth Completion Using Sparse Measurements and a Single Image20 Jul 2025
- 2025PacGDC: Label-Efficient Generalizable Depth Completion with Projection Ambiguity and Consistency10 Jul 2025
- 2025Event-Driven Dynamic Scene Depth Completion19 May 2025
- 2025All-day Depth Completion via Thermal-LiDAR Fusion3 Apr 2025
- 2025DEPTHOR: Depth Enhancement from a Practical Light-Weight dToF Sensor and RGB Image2 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation With Virtual Point Enhancement2 Apr 2025
- 2025DenseFormer: Learning Dense Depth Map from Sparse Depth and Image via Conditional Diffusion Model31 Mar 2025
- 2025Detail-aware multi-view stereo network for depth estimation31 Mar 2025
- 2025Vanishing Depth: Training Generalized Depth Adapters with Sinusoidal Depth Preprocessing for Pretrained RGB Encoders25 Mar 2025
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priors21 Mar 2025
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimation21 Mar 2025
- 2025SVDC: Consistent Direct Time-of-Flight Video Depth Completion with Frequency Selective Fusion3 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Inverse Laplacian Pyramid for Progressive Depth Completion11 Feb 2025
- 2025Zero-shot Depth Completion via Test-time Alignment with Affine-invariant Depth Prior10 Feb 2025
- 2025FGU3R: Fine-Grained Fusion via Unified 3D Representation for Multimodal 3D Object Detection8 Jan 2025
- 2024Completion as Enhancement: A Degradation-Aware Selective Image Guided Network for Depth Completion26 Dec 2024
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Complete24 Dec 2024
- 2024Single-Shot Metric Depth from Focused Plenoptic Cameras3 Dec 2024
- 2024LineGS : 3D Line Segment Representation on 3D Gaussian Splatting30 Nov 2024
- 2024CFPNet: Improving Lightweight ToF Depth Completion via Cross-zone Feature Propagation7 Nov 2024
- 2024Revisiting Disparity from Dual-Pixel Images: Physics-Informed Lightweight Depth Estimation6 Nov 2024
- 2024UnCLe: Benchmarking Unsupervised Continual Learning for Depth Completion23 Oct 2024
- 2024DORNet: A Degradation Oriented and Regularized Network for Blind Depth Super-Resolution15 Oct 2024
- 2024Multimodal Perception System for Real Open Environment10 Oct 2024
- 2024Compressed Depth Map Super-Resolution and Restoration: AIM 2024 Challenge Results24 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Cost Ray Fusion for Sparse Depth Video Completion23 Sep 2024
- 2024SteeredMarigold: Steering Diffusion Towards Depth Completion of Largely Incomplete Depth Maps16 Sep 2024
- 2024Depth on Demand: Streaming Dense Depth from a Low Frame Rate Active Sensor12 Sep 2024
- 2024SDformer: Efficient End-to-End Transformer for Depth Completion12 Sep 2024
- 2024CSFNet: A Cosine Similarity Fusion Network for Real-Time RGB-X Semantic Segmentation of Driving Scenes1 Jul 2024
- 2024OGNI-DC: Robust Depth Completion with Optimization-Guided Neural Iterations17 Jun 2024
50 newest of 146 All 146 (JSON)
- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
- 2021Multimodal Virtual Point 3D Detectioncited by 166
- 2023CompletionFormer: Depth Completion with Convolutions and Vision Transformerscited by 92
- 2022Sparse Fuse Dense: Towards High Quality 3D Detection with Depth Completioncited by 82
- 2023Virtual Sparse Convolution for Multimodal 3D Object Detectioncited by 81
- 2022Dynamic Spatial Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 70
- 2025Pow3R: Empowering Unconstrained 3D Reconstruction with Camera and Scene Priorscited by 69
- 2024Bilateral Propagation Network for Depth Completioncited by 59
- 2022Transformation-Equivariant 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 52
- 2022Domain Randomization-Enhanced Depth Simulation and Restoration for Perceiving and Grasping Specular and Transparent Objectscited by 49
- 2023LRRU: Long-short Range Recurrent Updating Networks for Depth Completioncited by 48
- 2024Tri-Perspective View Decomposition for Geometry-Aware Depth Completioncited by 42
12 most cited of 143 All 143 (JSON)
- 2026Dense Metric Depth Completion from Sparse Direct Time-of-Flight Sensors5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Multipath Blind Spot: K-Agnostic Robust Calibration for Sparse-Anchor Metric Depth from Frozen Foundations5 Jul 2026
- 2026EfficientPENet: Real-Time Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR via Lightweight Multi-Modal Fusion20 Apr 2026
- 2026ToFormer: Towards Large-scale Scenario Depth Completion for Lightweight ToF Camera21 Mar 2026
- 2026AURORA-KITTI: Any-Weather Depth Completion and Denoising in the Wild16 Mar 2026
- 2026Point Virtual Transformer4 Feb 2026
- 2026OASIS-DC: Generalizable Depth Completion via Output-level Alignment of Sparse-Integrated Monocular Pseudo Depth1 Feb 2026
- 2026Gaussian Belief Propagation Network for Depth Completion29 Jan 2026
- 2025StarryGazer: Leveraging Monocular Depth Estimation Models for Domain-Agnostic Single Depth Image Completion15 Dec 2025
- 2025Curvature-Regularized Variational Autoencoder for 3D Scene Reconstruction from Sparse Depth5 Dec 2025
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completion8 Nov 2025
- 2025DEPTHOR++: Robust Depth Enhancement from a Real-World Lightweight dToF and RGB Guidance30 Sep 2025
12 newest of 143 All 143 (JSON)