mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

The Faiss library

arXiv 2401.08281 ↗First posted 16 Jan 2024cs.LG cs.CV cs.SEcited by 370

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 83 in Retrieval-augmented generation, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Vector databases typically manage large collections of embedding vectors. Currently, AI applications are growing rapidly, and so is the number of embeddings that need to be stored and indexed. The Faiss library is dedicated to vector similarity search, a core functionality of vector databases. Faiss is a toolkit of indexing methods and related primitives used to search, cluster, compress and transform vectors. This paper describes the trade-off space of vector search and the design principles of Faiss in terms of structure, approach to optimization and interfacing. We benchmark key features of the library and discuss a few selected applications to highlight its broad applicability.

Key facts. Cited by 370 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 105 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2024.

Builds on

48 of 105 references.

References · 48

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
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  10. 2021BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Modelscited by 1,225
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  12. 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
36 more
  1. 2022Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Modelscited by 940
  2. 2016Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphscited by 853
  3. 2019Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 788
  4. 2023REPLUG: Retrieval-Augmented Black-Box Language Modelscited by 786
  5. 2020KILT: a Benchmark for Knowledge Intensive Language Taskscited by 571
  6. 2023RA-DIT: Retrieval-Augmented Dual Instruction Tuningcited by 194
  7. 2022A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detectioncited by 175
  8. 2020Embedding-based Retrieval in Facebook Searchcited by 155
  9. 2018ANN-Benchmarks: A Benchmarking Tool for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Algorithmscited by 130
  10. 2023SeamlessM4T: Massively Multilingual & Multimodal Machine Translationcited by 124
  11. 2017HashNet: Deep Learning to Hash by Continuationcited by 121
  12. 2016A Survey on Learning to Hashcited by 119
  13. 2023How to Train Your DRAGON: Diverse Augmentation Towards Generalizable Dense Retrievalcited by 116
  14. 2023SONAR: Sentence-Level Multimodal and Language-Agnostic Representationscited by 105
  15. 2017Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graphcited by 103
  16. 2021A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 82
  17. 2023In-context Pretraining: Language Modeling Beyond Document Boundariescited by 76
  18. 2017Learning Joint Multilingual Sentence Representations with Neural Machine Translationcited by 52
  19. 2022Results of the NeurIPS'21 Challenge on Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 45
  20. 2021The 2021 Image Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 44
  21. 2015Optimal Data-Dependent Hashing for Approximate Near Neighborscited by 43
  22. 2015Learning to Hash for Indexing Big Data - A Surveycited by 39
  23. 2021FreshDiskANN: A Fast and Accurate Graph-Based ANN Index for Streaming Similarity Searchcited by 36
  24. 2023CAGRA: Highly Parallel Graph Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for GPUscited by 22
  25. 2022TPU-KNN: K Nearest Neighbor Search at Peak FLOP/scited by 18
  26. 2019Unsupervised Neural Quantization for Compressed-Domain Similarity Searchcited by 15
  27. 2016Off the Beaten Path: Let's Replace Term-Based Retrieval with k-NN Searchcited by 14
  28. 2022OOD-DiskANN: Efficient and Scalable Graph ANNS for Out-of-Distribution Queriescited by 14
  29. 2023DeDrift: Robust Similarity Search under Content Driftcited by 11
  30. 2015Improved Residual Vector Quantization for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchcited by 10
  31. 2018Link and code: Fast indexing with graphs and compact regression codescited by 9
  32. 2023The 2023 Video Similarity Dataset and Challengecited by 9
  33. 2016Polysemous codescited by 8
  34. 2023Automating Nearest Neighbor Search Configuration with Constrained Optimizationcited by 7
  35. 2021Nearest neighbor search with compact codes: A decoder perspectivecited by 5
  36. 2023An Approximate Algorithm for Maximum Inner Product Search over Streaming Sparse Vectorscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 65; 2025: 146; 2026: 159.

370 papers.

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  2. 2025MEM1: Learning to Synergize Memory and Reasoning for Efficient Long-Horizon Agentscited by 226
  3. 2024FlashRAG: A Modular Toolkit for Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation Researchcited by 165
  4. 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
  5. 2024Large Concept Models: Language Modeling in a Sentence Representation Spacecited by 86
  6. 2024Reliable, Adaptable, and Attributable Language Models with Retrievalcited by 73
  7. 2025Hierarchical Memory for High-Efficiency Long-Term Reasoning in LLM Agentscited by 60
  8. 2024Retrieval & Fine-Tuning for In-Context Tabular Modelscited by 58
  9. 2024A Survey on Model MoErging: Recycling and Routing Among Specialized Experts for Collaborative Learningcited by 52
  10. 2024SciFIBench: Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Scientific Figure Interpretationcited by 47
  11. 2025SCORE: Story Coherence and Retrieval Enhancement for AI Narrativescited by 42
  12. 2025Rethinking Memory in LLM based Agents: Representations, Operations, and Emerging Topicscited by 36
38 more
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  3. 2026HiDream-O1-Image: A Natively Unified Image Generative Foundation Model with Pixel-level Unified Transformercited by 29
  4. 2024Contrasting Deepfakes Diffusion via Contrastive Learning and Global-Local Similaritiescited by 27
  5. 2024Residual Quantization with Implicit Neural Codebookscited by 24
  6. 2024Harnessing Large Language Models for Knowledge Graph Question Answering via Adaptive Multi-Aspect Retrieval-Augmentationcited by 24
  7. 2024Results of the Big ANN: NeurIPS'23 competitioncited by 21
  8. 2024Retrieval-augmented Few-shot Medical Image Segmentation with Foundation Modelscited by 20
  9. 2025Retrieval Augmented Generation Evaluation in the Era of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 20
  10. 2025ActionPiece: Contextually Tokenizing Action Sequences for Generative Recommendationcited by 18
  11. 2025UniversalRAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation over Corpora of Diverse Modalities and Granularitiescited by 18
  12. 2024AfriHuBERT: A self-supervised speech representation model for African languagescited by 17
  13. 2025Knowledge-based Visual Question Answer with Multimodal Processing, Retrieval and Filteringcited by 17
  14. 2024Improving Medical Multi-modal Contrastive Learning with Expert Annotationscited by 16
  15. 2025RAS: Retrieval-And-Structuring for Knowledge-Intensive LLM Generationcited by 16
  16. 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Processcited by 16
  17. 2024DROID-Splat: Combining end-to-end SLAM with 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  18. 2024Towards Understanding Systems Trade-offs in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Model Inferencecited by 15
  19. 2025WebCoach: Self-Evolving Web Agents with Cross-Session Memory Guidancecited by 15
  20. 2024On the Vulnerability of Applying Retrieval-Augmented Generation within Knowledge-Intensive Application Domainscited by 14
  21. 2025DGS-LRM: Real-Time Deformable 3D Gaussian Reconstruction From Monocular Videoscited by 14
  22. 2025MemoTime: Memory-Augmented Temporal Knowledge Graph Enhanced Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 14
  23. 2025ZARA: Training-Free Motion Time-Series Reasoning via Evidence-Grounded LLM Agentscited by 13
  24. 2026Large-scale online deanonymization with LLMscited by 13
  25. 2024REGENT: A Retrieval-Augmented Generalist Agent That Can Act In-Context in New Environmentscited by 12
  26. 2025Slim-SC: Thought Pruning for Efficient Scaling with Self-Consistencycited by 12
  27. 2025Large Language Models with Temporal Reasoning for Longitudinal Clinical Summarization and Predictioncited by 11
  28. 2025State-Covering Trajectory Stitching for Diffusion Plannerscited by 11
  29. 2024Pretrained Visual Uncertaintiescited by 10
  30. 2024PLAYER*: Enhancing LLM-based Multi-Agent Communication and Interaction in Murder Mystery Gamescited by 10
  31. 2025ComposeRAG: A Modular and Composable RAG for Corpus-Grounded Multi-Hop Question Answeringcited by 10
  32. 2025GATSim: Urban Mobility Simulation with Generative Agentscited by 10
  33. 2024LLMs are not Zero-Shot Reasoners for Biomedical Information Extractioncited by 9
  34. 2024SAMa: Material-aware 3D Selection and Segmentationcited by 9
  35. 2024DRUM: Learning Demonstration Retriever for Large MUlti-modal Modelscited by 9
  36. 2025TeleRAG: Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation Inference with Lookahead Retrievalcited by 9
  37. 2025Foam-Agent: A Large Language Model-Based Multi-Agent Framework for Automating Computational Fluid Dynamics Workflowscited by 9
  38. 2025MultiFinRAG: An Optimized Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Framework for Financial Question Answeringcited by 9

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